Methods and therapeutic compositions for treating cancer

ABSTRACT

Methods and therapeutic compositions for the treatment of cancer are disclosed. Specifically, peptides including β-catenin binding domains and polynucleotide sequences encoding same, such as cadherins and o-catenins and polynucleotide sequences encoding same, effective in methods and compositions for treating cancers associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin, such as colon cancers and melanomas.

[0001] This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/318,633, filed May 26, 1999.

FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to methods and therapeutic compositions for the treatment of cancer and, more particularly, to peptides including β-catenin binding domains, such as cadherins and o-catenins, and to polynucleotide sequences encoding same, therapeutically effective methods and compositions for treating cancers associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin, such as, but not limited to, colon cancers (carcinomas) and melanomas.

[0003] Cell adhesion and involvement of adhesion-related proteins in transmembrane signaling are the object of major studies in modern cell biology. The major advances in this field, and in particular in the involvement of β-catenin in cell adhesion and signaling, are summarized in the following reviews:

[0004] Bullions L. C. and Levine J. A. (1998) The role of beta-catenin in cell adhesion, signal transduction, and cancer. Current Opinion in Oncology, 10:81-87.

[0005] Brown D. J. and Moon T. R. (1998) Wnt signaling: why is everything so negative? Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 10:182-187.

[0006] Willert K. and Nusse R. (1998) β-catenin: a key mediator of Wnt signaling. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 8:95-102.

[0007] Ben-Ze'ev A. and Geiger B. (1998) Differential molecular interaction of β-catenin and plakoglobin in adhesion, signaling and cancer. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 10:629-639.

[0008] Polakis P. (1999) The oncogenic activation of β-catenin. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 9:15-21.

[0009] Cox T. R and Peifer M. Wingless signaling: The inconvenient of complexities of life. Current Biology, 9:R140-R144.

[0010] Ben-Ze'ev A. (1997) Cytoskeletal and adhesion proteins as tumor suppressors. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 9:99-108.

[0011] Cell-cell adhesion plays an important role in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis, and is commonly mediated by cadherins, a family of Ca²⁺-dependent transmembrane adhesion receptors. Cadherins were shown to form homophilic interactions with similar receptors on neighboring cells, while their cytoplasmic domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The latter interactions are essential for stable adhesion and are mediated via β-catenin, or its closely related homolog γ-catenin (plakoglobin), which interact with microfilaments through α-catenin and α-actinin.

[0012] In addition, β-catenin can translocate into the nucleus, where it is involved together with transcription factors of the LEF/TCF family in the transcription of specific genes.

[0013] The β-Catenin/plakoglobin homologue in Drosophila, armadillo, was shown to be involved in the wingless (wg) signaling pathway that regulates cell fate during development. In Xenopus, β-catenin participates in the wnt-signaling pathway that determines body axis formation and overexpression of β-catenin and plakoglobin in Xenopus embryos was shown to induce double axis formation. In both Drosophila and Xenopus it was demonstrated that the signaling activity of armadillo/β-catenin is independent of cadherin-based adhesion.

[0014] On the other hand, this signaling is strongly affected by the levels of cadherin expression since overexpression of cadherin mimics the wg phenotype in Drosophila and blocks β-catenin signaling in Xenopus, suggesting that cadherin may be a negative regulator of armadillo/β-catenin signaling.

[0015] In cultured cells, wnt overexpression elicits adhesion-related responses and increased levels of β-catenin and plakoglobin. β-Catenin levels are regulated by glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein which are thought to target β-catenin for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. When β-catenin levels are high, it can associate with architectural transcription factors of the lymphoid enhancing binding factor/T-cell factor (LEF/TCF) family and translocate into the nucleus. In the nucleus, the β-catenin-LEF/TCF complex activates transcription of LEF/TCF-responsive genes that are not yet known in mammalian cells, but have partially been characterized in Xenopus and Drosophila.

[0016] Elevation of β-catenin in colon carcinoma cells that express a mutant APC molecule, or in melanoma where mutations in the NH₂-terminal domain of β-catenin were detected (both inhibiting P-catenin degradation), is oncogenic most probably due to constitutive activation of target genes which contributes to tumor progression. Interestingly, plakoglobin was shown to suppress tumorigenicity when overexpressed in various cells, and displays loss of heterozigosity in sporadic ovarian and breast carcinoma. Moreover, upon induction of plakoglobin expression in human fibrosarcoma and SV40-transformed 3T3 cells β-catenin is displaced from its complex with cadherin and directed to degradation.

[0017] Thus, β-catenin-mediated signaling can also be influenced by the tumor suppressor molecule adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). Both plakoglobin and β-catenin can independently associate with APC and further interact with glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), the homologue of zw3 in Drosophila. Phosphorylation of β-catenin by the APC-GSK-3β complex leads to its degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Failure of this degradation system in cells expressing mutant APC or β-catenin leads to the accumulation of β-catenin and is common in human colon cancer and melanoma. In addition, in azoxymethane-induced rat colon tumors and in certain human colon cancers expressing mutant APC, β-catenin was shown to accumulate in the cytoplasm and in the nuclei of the tumor cells. Interestingly, apart from the increase in β-catenin levels in certain tumors, a reduction in E-cadherin levels was also found in many carcinomas, and the invasiveness of these tumor cells could be suppressed by overexpression of E-cadherin. Moreover, transfection of E-cadherin into certain human colon carcinoma cells resulted in increased cell-substratum adhesion and decreased cell growth and gelatinase secretion, suggesting a tumor suppressive role for E-cadherin.

[0018] While reducing the present invention to practice the mechanisms underlying nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and/or plakoglobin were characterized and some of the partners associated with both proteins in the nucleus identified. Furthermore, the nuclear translocation and transactivation abilities of wt and mutant β-catenin and plakoglobin constructs were compared and it was found that these two proteins differ considerably in these properties, demonstrating that N-cadherin, as well as α-catenin can drive β-catenin from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and consequently block activation of LEF-1-responsive transcription.

[0019] Furthermore, the ability of the cytoplasmic domains of N- and E-cadherin to modulate β-catenin localization, stability and transactivation potential was characterized. It is shown that expression of the cytoplasmic tail of cadherin, either membrane bound or soluble, protects endogenous β-catenin from degradation and blocks its transactivation capability. In colon cancer cells containing mutant APC (and hence high levels of β-catenin) expression of the various cadherin derivatives, especially its soluble cytoplasmic tail, strongly suppressed β-catenin-mediated transactivation.

[0020] We conclude that the deregulated transactivation associated with elevated β-catenin in certain tumors can be suppressed by cadherins and α-catenins which are known to include β-catenin binding domains.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0021] According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a cytoplasmic portion of cadherin.

[0022] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the nucleotide sequence includes a portion of a SEQ ID NO. selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1, 4, 45, 47, 49 and 51.

[0023] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the nucleotide sequence encodes, at most, about 70 amino acids of cadherin.

[0024] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section below, the term “about” refers to the range of ±20%.

[0025] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the nucleotide sequence encodes a β-catenin binding domain.

[0026] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a gene therapy vehicle harboring the above polynucleotide. Such a gene therapy vehicle is useful in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition. Therefore, according to yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising the above gene therapy vehicle of claim 7. Such a pharmaceutical composition is useful for treatment of cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0027] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of a cytoplasmic portion of cadherin.

[0028] According to further features in preferred embodiments of the invention described below, the amino acid sequence includes a portion of a SEQ ID NO. selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 2, 5, 46, 48, 50 and 52.

[0029] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the amino acid sequence includes, at most, about 70 amino acids of cadherin.

[0030] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the amino acid sequence includes a β-catenin binding domain.

[0031] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising the above polypeptide, which composition is useful for treatment of cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0032] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cadherin is from a species selected from the group consisting of human, chicken, Xenopus, mouse, canine and Drosophila and other species known to express cadherin.

[0033] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cadherin is selected from the group consisting of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, P-cadherin and VE-cadherin.

[0034] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of treating cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin comprising the step of treating the cancer with a therapeutic composition including a polypeptide, the polypeptide including a β-catenin binding domain, the polypeptide being therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0035] According to another aspect of the present invention there is further provided a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a polypeptide including a β-catenin binding domain, the polypeptide being therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0036] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is further provided a method of treating cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin comprising the steps of genetically treating cancer cells with an acceptable gene therapy vehicle harboring a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide including a β-catenin binding domain, the polypeptide being therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high β-catenin transactivation activity.

[0037] According to still another aspect of the present invention there is further provided a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin comprising an acceptable gene therapy vehicle harboring a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide including a β-catenin binding domain, the polypeptide being therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high levels of β-catenin transactivation activity.

[0038] According to further features in preferred embodiments of the invention described below, the polypeptide is a cytoplasmic portion of cadherin or a portion thereof.

[0039] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cadherin is human.

[0040] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cadherin is selected from the group consisting of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, P-cadherin and VE-cadherin.

[0041] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cytoplasmic portion of cadherin or the portion thereof is signal peptide free.

[0042] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the polypeptide includes, at the most, about 70 amino acids of the β-catenin binding domain.

[0043] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the polypeptide includes, at the most, about 70 amino acids derived from the cadherin.

[0044] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the amino acids are derived from a carboxy terminus of the cadherin.

[0045] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the polypeptide is o-catenin or a portion thereof.

[0046] According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the o-catenin is human.

[0047] The present invention successfully addresses the shortcomings of the presently known configurations by providing novel methods and therapeutic compositions for the combat in cancer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0048] The invention herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0049]FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of cadherin constructs used in this study. Full length chicken N-cadherin and a chimera consisting of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of IL2Rα and the intracellular domain of N-cadherin (amino acids 752-912) (ILR/N-cad) are shown. The cytoplasmic domain of N-cadherin was tagged with a Flag epitope (N-cad (tail)), or fused to the C-terminus of GFP (NT). Two fragments of the cytoplasmic tail of N-cadherin (N71, amino acids 842-912 and N30, amino acids 862-891) were also fused to GFP. The cytoplasmic tail of mouse E-cadherin (amino acids 735-844) (ET) and two fragments from this domain (E72, amino acids 813-844 and E30, amino acids 833-862) were also fused to the C-terminus of GFP.

[0050]FIGS. 2A and 2B demonstrate stabilization of β-catenin by N-cadherin derivatives. (A), Western blot analysis of proteins from CHO cells (control), and CHO cells stably expressing full length N-cadherin (N-cad), the IL2R/N-cadherin chimera (IL2R/N-cad), or the N-cadherin cytoplasmic tail (N-cad (tail)) with antibodies against N-cadherin (lanes 1 and 2), the IL2R (lane 3) and Flag (lane 4). An identical blot was probed with anti β-catenin antibody. Note that β-catenin levels are higher in cells expressing the cadherin derivatives. (B) Co-immunoprecipitation (IP) analysis with anti cadherin antibody (cad) of extracts from CHO cells (lane 1) and from cells transfected with N-cadherin (lane 2), with anti IL2R antibody from cells transfected with the IL2R/N-cadherin chimera (IL2R, lane 3), or anti flag antibody with CHO cells transfected with the N-cadherin tail (flag, lane 4). Immunoblot analysis (IB) of the immunoprecipitates was performed using anti cadherin or anti β-catenin antibodies. The bands around 30 kDa and 50 kDa in all lanes are immunoglobulin chains from the IP. Note the co-precipitation of β-catenin with the various cadherin derivatives.

[0051]FIG. 3 demonstrate Triton X-100 solubility of proteins from CHO cells expressing N-cadherin and the N-cadherin cytoplasmic tail. Triton X-100 -soluble (sol) and -insoluble (ins) fractions of cell extracts were prepared and subjected to Western blot analysis with anti cadherin or anti flag antibodies. In CHO cells expressing N-cadherin (N-cad) 71% of the cadherin and 72% of β-catenin were found in the Triton-insoluble fraction. In contrast, in CHO cells transfected with the N-cadherin tail (N-cad (tail)) 74% of the cadherin and 64% of β-catenin were found in the detergent-soluble fraction.

[0052]FIG. 4 demonstrates localization of N-cadherin derivatives and β-catenin in CHO cells. Immunofluorescence staining of CHO cells and CHO expressing N-cadherin (N-cad), IL2Rα/N-cad, or the N-cadherin tail (N-cad tail). Cadherin was stained with secondary antibody conjugated to FITC, β-catenin with Cy3, and the nuclei with DAPI. Note that while CHO cells were only poorly stained for cadherin and β-catenin, CHO-N-cad cells displayed colocalization of N-cadherin and β-catenin in adherens junctions. CHO-IL2R/N-cad cells showed staining of N-cadherin and β-catenin in the membrane and cytoplasm, while CHO-N-cad tail cells exhibited nuclear staining for both the N-cadherin tail and β-catenin.

[0053] FIGS. 5A-5E demonstrate the effect of cadherin derivatives on β-catenin-mediated transactivation. CHO cells were transfected with TOPFLASH or FOPFLASH together with a cDNA encoding β-galactosidase (to normalize for transfection efficiency), β-catenin, LEF-1 and different cadherin derivatives in the indicated combinations (E), and transactivation was determined as the level of luciferase activity driven by a TOPFLASH containing construct (A). The levels of β-catenin (B), LEF-1 (C) and cadherin derivatives (D) in the different transfections were determined by Western blotting. Note the high level of β-catenin in the last three transfections (lanes 7-9) resulting from the stabilization of the endogenous β-catenin by the transfected cadherin derivatives. This pool of β-catenin however, was not available for transactivation.

[0054] FIGS. 6A-6B demonstrate inhibition of the constitutive LEF-1 responsive transactivation in SW480 cells by cadherin derivatives. (A) SW480 cells were transfected with TOPFLASH and the different cadherin constructs. The levels of β-catenin, LEF-1 and cadherins in the different transfections were determined by Western blot analysis. Note that the full length cadherin, the IL2R/N-cad chimera and the N-cad (tail) could all inhibit β-catenin-mediated transactivation (lanes 2-4 compare to lane 1). (B) Subcellular localization of N-cadherin N-CAD) (a), N-cadherin tail (N-CAD tail) and β-catenin (β-CAT) in SW480 cells transfected with the these cadherin-constructs. The bar represents 10 μm. Note that in cells transfected with full length N-cadherin, β-catenin re-localized from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane, while the N-cadherin tail co-localized with β-catenin in the nucleus.

[0055] FIGS. 7A-7C demonstrate the effect of cadherin tail constructs on β-catenin level and transactivation. (A) CHO cells were transiently transfected with the various GFP-cadherin constructs (see FIGS. 1), and cell extracts were analyzed by Western blotting using anti GFP antibody. (B) The effect on β-catenin levels was determined by probing the same blot with anti β-catenin antibody. Note that the cadherin tail (NT) and the N71 and E72 cadherin tail fragments could all protect β-catenin from turnover, while the N30 and E30 cadherin fragments did not increase β-catenin levels. (C) SW480 cells were transfected with the indicated constructs and LEF-1-driven transactivation was determined as described in FIGS. 6A. Note that N71 and E72 could inhibit transactivation when compared to control (TOP), albeit less efficiently than the full length cytoplasmic tails of N- and E-cadherin.

[0056] FIGS. 8A-8E demonstrate competition between the N-cadherin tail and LEF-1 for binding to β-catenin. CHO cells were transfected at 1:1 ratio with cDNAs encoding β-catenin and HA-tagged LEF-1 (HA=hemaglutinin), together with increasing amounts of the N-cadherin tail. LEF-1 was immunoprecipitated (IP) using anti HA antibody and the levels of β-catenin (A) and LEF-1 (B) were determined by Western blotting (IB) using anti β-catenin and HA antibodies, respectively. Levels of N-cadherin tail (C) and β-catenin (D) in the transfected cells were determined by Western blot analysis (IB) of total protein extracts using anti cadherin and anti β-catenin antibodies. (E) Quantitative determination of the changes in the levels of the proteins shown in (A-D). Note that less β-catenin was co-precipitated in complex with LEF-1 when higher levels of cadherin tail were expressed, in spite of the presence of more β-catenin in the cells under these conditions (D).

[0057]FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of additional constructs used in this study. The molecules were tagged either with the hemaglutinin tag (HA) at the NH₂-terminus, or with the vesicular stomatitis virus - G (VSV-G) protein tag (VSV) at the COOH-terminus. Numbers 1-13 represent armadillo repeats in β-catenin, armadillo and plakoglobin with a non repeat region (ins) between repeats 10 and 11. Mutant plakoglobin and β-catenin lacking the COOH-transactivation domain (HA plakoglobin 1-ins; HA β-catenin 1-ins) were also constructed. A HA-tagged α-catenin that lacks the β-catenin binding domain was also prepared (HA (α-catenin Δβ). The COOH-terminal (C-term) transactivation domains of β-catenin and plakoglobin were fused to the DNA binding domain of Gal4 (Gal4DBD) (DBD=DNA-binding domain) to allow assessment of their transactivation potential.

[0058] FIGS. 10A-10F demonstrate nuclear localization of β-catenin and plakoglobin transiently transfected into MDCK cells. MDCK cells transfected with VSV-tagged β-catenin (β-CAT; A-C and F) or VSV-tagged plakoglobin (PG; D and E) were immunostained with either monoclonal anti β-catenin antibody (A), anti plakoglobin antibody (D), or anti VSV-tag antibody (B, C, E and F) and Cy3-labeled secondary antibody, 36 hours after transfection. The bar in (C) represents 10 μm. Note the nuclear localization of β-catenin and plakoglobin when overexpressed at high levels in MDCK cells (A-E), and of β-catenin at junctions when expressed at low level (F).

[0059] FIGS. 11A-11F demonstrate electronmicroscopical characterization of β-catenin and vinculin-containing nuclear structures in β-catenin-transfected cells. 293-T cells transfected with β-catenin were fixed and processed for (A), conventional TE microscopy, or the β-catenin-induced nuclear structures were identified by cryo EM with antibodies to β-catenin (B, C) or vinculin (D) using secondary antibodies bound to 10 nm gold particles. The nuclear structures were also visualized by phase (E) and immunofluorescence with anti β-catenin antibodies (F). The arrows in (E) point to nuclear structures decorated by anti β-catenin antibody (F). Nu, nucleus. The bars in (A, C and D) represent 0.2 μm, in (B), 1 μm, and in (F), 10 μm.

[0060] FIGS. 12A-12J demonstrate nuclear translocation of vinculin in β-catenin transfected cells. MDCK cells were transfected with VSV-tagged β-catenin and doubly stained with antibodies to the VSV tag (A, C, E and I) or to β-catenin (G), and with antibodies to LEF-1 (B), vinculin (D), α-catenin (F), plakoglobin (H), or α-actinin (J). Note the strong co-staining of LEF-1 and vinculin with β-catenin-containing nuclear rods, but not of plakoglobin, β-actinin or β-catenin. The bar in (I) represents 10 μm.

[0061] FIGS. 13A-13F demonstrate plakoglobin overexpression causes nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Cells transfected with plakoglobin were doubly stained for plakoglobin (A, C and E), LEF-1 (B), β-catenin (D), or α-actinin (F). Note that in plakoglobin transfected cells β-catenin is translocated into the nucleus. α-ACT, α-actinin; β-cat, β-catenin; PG, plakoglobin. The bar in (E) represents 10 μm.

[0062] FIGS. 14A-14D demonstrate induction of nuclear translocation of β-catenin in stably transfected cells. Control neo^(r) HT1080 cells (A and B), and HT1080 cells stably transfected with an NH₂-terminal deleted β-catenin mutant (ΔN57; C and D) were either left untreated (A and C), or treated overnight with sodium butyrate (B and D) to enhance the expression of the transgene. Note the elevation in β-catenin content and its nuclear accumulation in butyrate-treated cells stably expressing ΔN57 β-catenin. The bar in (C) represents 10 μm.

[0063] FIGS. 15A-15H demonstrate nuclear translocation of β-catenin but not plakoglobin by LEF-1 overexpression. MDCK cells were transfected with either LEF-1 (A-D), with LEF-1 together with β-catenin (E and F), or with LEF-1 and plakoglobin (G-H). The cells were doubly stained with antibodies against LEF-1 (A, C, E and G) and antibodies to β-catenin (B) or plakoglobin (D). In doubly transfected cells (E-H), the transfected β-catenin (F) and plakoglobin (H) were detected by anti VSV-tag antibody. Note that LEF-1 efficiently translocated endogenous β-catenin into the nucleus, but not plakoglobin, while in cells transfected with both LEF-1 and plakoglobin or β-catenin, both transfected molecules were localized in the nucleus. The bar in (G) represents 10 μm.

[0064]FIGS. 16A and 16B demonstrate differential Triton X-100 solubility of various junctional plaque proteins and nuclear translocation of vinculin in cells overexpressing β-catenin together with LEF-1. (A) Equal volumes of total MDCK cell proteins (T), and Triton X-100-soluble (S) and -insoluble (I) cell fractions, were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and Western blotting with antibodies to β-catenin (β-CAT), plakoglobin (PG), vinculin (vinc), α-actinin (a-Act) and α-catenin (α-cat). Note that while β-catenin, vinculin and α-catenin present a large pool of a detergent-soluble fraction, plakoglobin and α-actinin are almost entirely insoluble in Triton X-100. (B) MDCK cells were co-transfected with LEF-1 and β-catenin and doubly stained for β-catenin (β-CAT, upper inset) and vinculin (Vinc), and β-catenin (β-CAT, lower inset) and plakoglobin (PG). Note that in cells doubly transfected with β-catenin and LEF-1 vinculin translocated into the nucleus, but plakoglobin remained junctional. The bar represents 10 μm.

[0065] FIGS. 17A-17D demonstrate elevation of β-catenin and plakoglobin content and nuclear localization after treatment with inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. (A) Balb/C 3T3 cells were untreated (c) or treated for 4 hours with inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system: Lactacystin (Lact), ALLN (N-Acetyl-Leu-Leu-Norleucinal), or MG-132, and equal amounts of protein were analyzed by Western blotting with anti β-catenin antibody. (B), KTCTL60 and KTCTL60-PG cells (stably overexpressing plakoglobin) were treated with 10 and 20 μM MG-132 and probed with anti β-catenin and plakoglobin antibodies. (C) Northern blot hybridization for β-catenin and plakoglobin in KTCTL60, KTCTL60-PG and MDCK cells. (D), Balb/C 3T3 and KTCTL60 cells (a, c and e), were treated for 4 hours with MG-132 (b, d and f) and stained with antibodies to β-catenin (a-d) or plakoglobin (e and f). Note the appearance of higher molecular weight β-catenin forms in 3T3 cells (bracket in A), the dramatic elevation in β-catenin content of KTCTL60 cells, and the moderate increase in plakoglobin after treatment of KTCTL60-PG with the proteasome inhibitors.

[0066] FIGS. 18A-18B demonstrate activation of Gal4- and LEF-1-driven transcription by β-catenin and plakoglobin. (A), Constructs consisting of the DNA-binding domain of Gal4 (Gal4DBD) fused to the COOH-terminal-transactivation domains of β-catenin and plakoglobin were co-transfected with a reporter gene (luciferase) driven by Gal4-responsive sequences into 3T3 cells, and the levels of luciferase activity determined from duplicate transfections (light and dark bars). (B), Transactivation of LEF-1 consensus sequence (TOPFLASH)-driven transcription by full length and truncated β-catenin and plakoglobin in 293 cells. The values (fold increase) were normalized for transfection efficiency by analyzing β-galactosidase activity of co-transfected lacZ, and for LEF-1 specificity with an inactive mutant LEF-1 sequence (FOPFLASH, light bars). (C), Double immunofluorescence for β-catenin (insets a, d and f) in cells transfected with plakoglobin (inset a), β-catenin 1-ins (inset c), and plakoglobin 1-ins (inset e). Note that chimeras consisting of β-catenin and plakoglobin fused to Gal4 DNA-binding domain were both active in transcription stimulation, but LEF-1-responsive transactivation by β-catenin (and a β-catenin mutant) was much more potent than by full length plakoglobin, and a COOH-deletion mutant of plakoglobin was inactive in LEF-1-driven transactivation. Full length plakoglobin and the β-catenin mutant (β-cat 1-ins) were effective in translocating endogenous β-catenin into the nucleus, while the plakoglobin mutant (PG 1-ins) was not.

[0067]FIGS. 19A and 19B demonstrate inhibition of transactivation and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in SW480 colon carcinoma cells after transfection with N-cadherin or α-catenin. (A) SW480 cells were transfected with either empty vector (pCGN), N-cadherin, α-catenin, or a mutant α-catenin lacking the β-catenin binding site (HA α-catenin Δβ, FIG. 9) together with a multimeric LEF-1 binding consensus sequence driving the expression of luciferase. The values of luciferase expression were corrected for transactivation specificity with a mutant LEF-1 consensus sequence, and with β-galactosidase activity for transfection efficiency. (B) Cells were transfected with N-cadherin (insets a and b), α-catenin (insets c and d), or mutant α-catenin (α-CATΔβ) (insets e and f) and doubly stained for β-catenin (insets b, d and f) and N-cadherin (inset a), α-catenin (inset c) and mutant α-catenin (inset e). Note the inhibition of transactivation and cytoplasmic retention of β-catenin in cells transfected with N-cadherin- or α-catenin, but not with mutant α-catenin. The bar represents 10 μm.

[0068] FIGS. 20-23 demonstrate sequence homologies among the cytoplasmic tail encoding portion of representative types of cadherin (CAD) genes, cytoplasmic tails of representative types of cadherin proteins, representative types of o-catenin genes and representative types of o-catenin proteins, respectively.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0069] The present invention is of methods and therapeutic compositions which can be used for the treatment of cancer. Specifically, the present invention is of methods employing, and of therapeutic compositions including, peptides featuring β-catenin binding domains, or polynucleotide sequences encoding same, for use in the treatment of cancers associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin transactivation activity, such as, but not limited to, colon cancers (carcinomas) and melanomas.

[0070] The principles and operation of the methods and compositions according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and accompanying descriptions.

[0071] Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

[0072] We studied the effect of N-cadherin, its cytoplasmic domain and a transmembrane chimeric molecule containing the cadherin cytoplasmic tail, on the level and localization of P-catenin and its ability to induce LEF-1-responsive transactivation. These cadherin derivatives formed complexes with β-catenin protecting it from degradation. N-cadherin directed β-catenin into adherens junctions, the chimeric protein and the associated β-catenin were diffusely distributed on the membrane, while the cytoplasmic domain of N-cadherin colocalized with β-catenin in the nucleus. Co-transfection of β-catenin and LEF-1 induced transactivation of a LEF-1 reporter. In CHO cells the N-cadherin-derived molecules blocked β-catenin-driven transactivation. Expression of N-cadherin and the IL-2 receptor/cadherin chimera in SW480 cells relocated β-catenin from the nucleus to the plasma membrane, and reduced transactivation. The cytoplasmic tail of N- or E-cadherin co-localized with β-catenin in the nucleus, and suppressed the constitutive LEF-1-mediated transactivation, by blocking β-catenin-LEF-1 interaction. Moreover, the 72 C-terminal amino acids of cadherin stabilized β-catenin and inhibited its transactivation potential. These results indicate that β-catenin binding to the cadherin cytoplasmic tail either in the membrane, or in the nucleus, can inhibit β-catenin degradation and efficiently block its transactivation capacity.

[0073] As already mentioned, β-Catenin and plakoglobin are homologous proteins that function in cell adhesion by linking cadherins to the cytoskeleton and in signaling by transactivation together with LEF/TCF transcription factors. Here the nuclear translocation and transactivation abilities of β-catenin and plakoglobin in mammalian cells are compared. Overexpression of each of the two proteins in MDCK cells resulted in nuclear translocation and formation of nuclear aggregates. The β-catenin-containing nuclear structures also contained LEF-1 and vinculin, while plakoglobin was inefficient in recruiting these molecules suggesting that its interaction with LEF-1 and vinculin is significantly weaker. Moreover, transfection of LEF-1 translocated endogenous β-catenin, but not plakoglobin to the nucleus. Chimeras consisting of Gal4 DNA-binding domain and the transactivation domains of either plakoglobin or β-catenin were equally potent in transactivating a Gal4-responsive reporter, while activation of LEF-1-responsive transcription was significantly higher with β-catenin. Overexpression of wt plakoglobin or mutant β-catenin lacking the transactivation domain induced accumulation of the endogenous β-catenin in the nucleus and LEF-1-responsive transactivation. It is further shown that the constitutive β-catenin-dependent transactivation in SW480 colon carcinoma cells and its nuclear localization can be inhibited by overexpressing N-cadherin or α-catenin. The results indicate that (i) plakoglobin and β-catenin differ in their nuclear translocation and complexing with LEF-1 and vinculin; (ii) LEF-1-dependent transactivation is preferentially driven by β-catenin; (iii) the cytoplasmic partners of β-catenin, cadherin and α-catenin, can sequester it to the cytoplasm and inhibit its transcriptional activity.

[0074] β-Catenin interacts with three major subcellular systems that affect its activities and fate, including: (a) adherens-type junctions, where β-catenin forms a complex with the cytoplasmic domain of different cadherins and links them to the actin cytoskeleton; (b) a unique degradation system that regulates the level of β-catenin via a multi-step process that includes binding to APC, phosphorylation by GSK-3β and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system; and (c) the transcriptional machinery, where β-catenin interacts with LEF/TCF transcription factors and activates the expression of specific target genes.

[0075] While reducing the present invention into practice the cross-talk between these systems were investigated, and in particular, the effect of cadherin and cadherin derivatives on β-catenin stability and signaling capacity characterized.

[0076] Elevated expression of cadherin could potentially protect β-catenin from degradation, increasing its level in the cytoplasm and therefore stimulating LEF-1-responsive transcription. However, the same “protective cadherin” could also block β-catenin-mediated transactivation either by sequestering β-catenin to the plasma membrane (away from the nucleus), and/or competing with transcription factors of the LEF/TCF family that interact with β-catenin. It is shown that cadherin can indeed translocate β-catenin to junctional sites and stabilize the protein against degradation in cells where a “normal” (rapid) turnover of β-catenin takes place. This recruitment of β-catenin to junctional sites is accompanied by a strong inhibition of LEF-1-directed transcription. The presence of organized junctions however, was not essential for neither membrane translocation of β-catenin, nor for stabilization and inhibition of β-catenin-mediated transactivation. A chimeric receptor consisting of the cadherin cytoplasmic domain and an inert transmembrane anchor (IL2R) was fully effective regarding these functions, despite being unable to participate in junction formation, and its capacity to inhibit junction assembly in cadherin-containing cells. Interestingly, the cytoplasmic tails of both E- and N-cadherin were most effective in protecting β-catenin from degradation and inhibiting its transactivating potential, but did not affect the subcellular distribution of β-catenin. Thus, in cells expressing high levels of both β-catenin and the cadherin tail, the two proteins co-localized in the nucleus, and β-catenin-driven transcription was strongly suppressed. The most likely explanation for this effect is that binding of the cadherin tail (either isolated, or as part of the intact cadherin molecule) to β-catenin, inhibited the binding of β-catenin to LEF-1 and subsequently transactivation. This notion is supported by the co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrating that increasing levels of the cadherin tail resulted in lower levels of β-catenin-LEF-1 complex formation. The mechanism whereby N-cadherin or its tail confer the stabilization of β-catenin could also result from an effective competition with β-catenin binding to APC, or to other components of the APC-GSK-3β-ubiquitin-proteasome systems.

[0077] The current information on the binding sites for cadherin, APC and LEF-1 on β-catenin indicates that multiple overlapping armadillo repeats are involved: Armadillo repeats 4-13 are important for E-cadherin binding, repeats 1-10 are involved in APC binding, repeats 3-8 are essential for β-catenin-dTCF interaction, while repeats 1-14 are involved in β-catenin-LEF-1 interaction. Taken together with the present study, the association of β-catenin with each of these components appears to be mutually exclusive.

[0078] It is also demonstrated herein that sequestration to the plasma membrane or to adherens junctions is not necessary for protecting β-catenin from degradation, since the soluble N-cadherin tail did not affect the nuclear localization of β-catenin while being efficient in stabilizing β-catenin in CHO cells (similar to full length cadherin). As it was found that the soluble cadherin tail was capable of efficiently competing with LEF-1 for β-catenin binding in the nucleus, β-catenin translocation into the nucleus may not require LEF-1, in agreement with a recent report showing a role for the importin/karyophilin system in this process. Since shorter fragments of the cadherin tail could inhibit the constitutive transcriptional activity of β-catenin in SW480 cells, the antagonistic effect of cadherin on β-catenin signaling in these human cancer cells is most probably independent of adherens junction formation, similarly to the results obtained for β-catenin-signaling in Drosophila and Xenopus. However, since this inhibition of transcription only occurred after artificially increasing cadherin levels in these cells, its physiological significance remains unclear.

[0079] The results presented here are also relevant to some novel approaches aiming to suppress β-catenin-driven oncogenesis. It was demonstrated that mutations in APC that cannot participate in β-catenin degradation result in high levels of β-catenin in colon carcinoma, and in the activation of genes (the nature of which is still unknown) that are probably involved in the transformation of these cells. Thus, the cytoplasmic cadherin tail and fragments derived from it (that contain the β-catenin-binding site), may prove to be useful in blocking the expression of such target genes and therefore suppressing tumorigenicity. This study indicates that the C-terminal region of E and N-cadherin, corresponding to approximately 70 amino acids retains the transactivation suppressive capacity.

[0080] As mentioned, in mammalian cells, β-catenin and the closely related molecule plakoglobin have been shown to complex independently with similar partners, and are both involved in the formation of adherens type junctions. Plakoglobin, in addition, can associate with various desmosomal components, while β-catenin does not normally associate with desmosomes, except in plakoglobin-null mouse embryos where the segregation between adherens junctions and desmosomes collapses. Plakoglobin is also unable to substitute for β-catenin during development, as β-catenin-null mouse embryos die early in development. In this study some common features of β-catenin and plakoglobin are highlighted, as well as considerable differences in their nuclear translocation under various conditions, and their capacity to function in transcriptional activation. For both proteins, the increase in free protein levels induces nuclear translocation. This translocation can be blocked by junctional proteins which bind to β-catenin and sequester it to the plasma membrane or the cytoplasm.

[0081] Under the various conditions that resulted in increased levels of β-catenin and plakoglobin, both proteins translocated into the nucleus independently of, or in complex with LEF-1. While in β-catenin overexpressing cells the nuclear complexes that were formed by excess β-catenin also contained vinculin, in addition to LEF- 1, plakoglobin overexpression did not result in the recruitment of these molecules into the nuclear speckles. Interestingly, α-catenin and α-actinin both of which bind β-catenin and plakoglobin-containing complexes, were not co-translocated into the nucleus by β-catenin or plakoglobin probably due to their stronger binding to actin filaments resulting in a limited soluble pool in cells, in contrast to vinculin that is mostly in the detergent-soluble fraction. The present study is the first demonstration that ,-catenin can associate with and recruit into the nucleus vinculin, but not other components of the cadherin-catenin system (i.e. α-catenin, α-actinin, or cadherin) in a complex that also contains LEF-1. The association between vinculin and β-catenin was recently demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation of these proteins together with E-cadherin, but was most pronounced in cells lacking α-catenin. Taken together, these findings reveal a new interaction of β-catenin with vinculin, that under certain conditions may lead to their colocalization in the nucleus where such complex may play an important physiological role, yet to be determined.

[0082] While both plakoglobin and β-catenin exhibited a largely similar nuclear translocation, they were distinct in their ability to colocalize with LEF-1 in the nucleus. Endogenous β-catenin was readily translocated into the nucleus following transfection with LEF-1, in agreement with previous studies, whereas the endogenous plakoglobin remained junctional. This difference may be attributed to the availability of a larger pool of soluble β-catenin in MDCK cells, or to an intrinsic difference between the two molecules in their binding to LEF-1.

[0083] Plakoglobin and β-catenin also differed in their ability to influence the localization of endogenous LEF-1 when individually overexpressed. Plakoglobin overexpression could drive part of the endogenous β-catenin into the nucleus, most probably by displacing it from cadherin or other cytoplasmic partners, in agreement with results obtained with HT1080 cells and with Xenopus embryos. This implies that plakoglobin may have a regulatory role in the control of the extrajunctional function of β-catenin. In contrast, β-catenin was inefficient in altering plakoglobin's localization in MDCK, 293 and SK-BR-3 cells (all expressing desmosomes, unpublished results). This was partly expected since β-catenin is not normally associated with desmosomes and the soluble pool of plakoglobin in these cells is very low.

[0084] Plakoglobin and β-catenin also responded differently to the inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, in particular in the renal carcinoma cell line KTCTL60 that does not express detectable levels of proteins of the cadherin-catenin system. The level of β-catenin could be dramatically induced in these cells with proteasome inhibitors, suggesting that efficient degradation of β-catenin is responsible for the very low level of β-catenin in these cells. Plakoglobin was absent from these cells, as there was no plakoglobin RNA, but when it was stably expressed, its level was only moderately enhanced by inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. It is interesting to note that this stable expression of plakoglobin did not result in the elevation of β-catenin content in KTCTL60 cells, implying that plakoglobin cannot, by itself, effectively protect β-catenin from degradation in cells lacking cadherins. Only when the level of plakoglobin was further increased in these cells by butyrate treatment, could some accumulation of β-catenin be detected.

[0085] Comparison between the presumptive transactivating domains of β-catenin and plakoglobin, fused to the DNA-binding domain of Gal4, indicated comparable transcriptional activation by the two molecules. This demonstrated that plakoglobin like β-catenin and armadillo, has a potent transactivation domain. However, the specific transcriptional activation of LEF-1-driven reporter gene by plakoglobin was several fold less efficient than that of β-catenin. Interestingly, a deletion mutant of β-catenin that lacked the transactivating domain but retained the cadherin binding domain, was also capable of inducing transcription by the LEF-1 consensus construct. This can be attributed to competition and displacement of endogenous β-catenin from a complex with its cytoplasmic partners, nuclear translocation of the endogenous β-catenin and consequently LEF-1-driven transactivation. This finding is in agreement with studies demonstrating that a variety of membrane-anchored mutant forms of β-catenin can act in signaling for axis duplication in Xenopus embryos by releasing endogenous β-catenin from cell-cell junctions or from a complex with APC thus enabling its translocation into the nucleus.

[0086] Overexpression of full length plakoglobin was capable of inducing nuclear translocation of the endogenous β-catenin in MDCK and 293 cells, while a COOH-terminus mutant plakoglobin, previously shown to be inefficient in displacing β-catenin from its complex with cadherin, was unable to induce nuclear localization of the endogenous β-catenin, or transcriptional activation of the LEF-1-driven reporter. Since plakoglobin overexpression was inefficient in driving LEF-1 to complex with the nuclear speckles formed by plakoglobin overexpression, it is conceivable that the majority of the transcriptional stimulation of LEF-1-driven transcription in plakoglobin overexpressing cells was due to the endogenous β-catenin that relocated to the nucleus under these conditions.

[0087] Another recent study examining mammalian β-catenin and plakoglobin's embryonic signaling abilities in Drosophila (rescue of the segment polarity phenotype of armadillo) suggested that while both proteins can rescue armadillo mutants in adhesion properties, β-catenin had only a weak- and plakoglobin had no detectable -signaling activity. Nevertheless, since is was found that the COOH-terminus of plakoglobin is potent in transcriptional activation in the Gal4-fusion chimera and deletion mutants at the COOH terminus were inefficient in transactivation and most of the overexpressed plakoglobin was localized in the nuclei of transfected cells, one cannot exclude, at this point, the possibility that plakoglobin can also play a direct role in the transcriptional regulation of specific genes that are yet to be identified. This possibility is being currently examined by analyzing the transactivation capacities of plakoglobin and β-catenin in cells that lack such endogenous proteins.

[0088] In the human colon carcinoma SW480 cells which lack APC and therefore accumulate abnormally high levels of β-catenin in the nuclei, transcriptional activation of the LEF-1-driven reporter could be inhibited by members of the cadherin-catenin complex that sequestered β-catenin to the cytoplasm.

[0089] The role of cadherin in regulating β-catenin levels is complex: On the one hand, elevation in the content of cadherin can protect β-catenin from degradation and increase its levels. On the other hand, a strong binding of β-catenin to cadherin, rather than to LEF- 1, may result in its cytoplasmic sequestration and the inhibition of transactivation by it. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic tail of cadherin that contains the binding site for β-catenin can also inhibit transactivation by β-catenin even when bound to it in the nucleus of the transfected cells. The association of β-catenin with overexpressed α-catenin in SW480 cells also resulted in the cytoplasmic retention of nuclear β-catenin by binding of α-catenin to the actin-cytoskeleton. These results are in agreement with those obtained for β-catenin signaling in axis specification of developing Xenopus that is antagonized by overexpression of cadherin, or by the NH₂-terminus of α-catenin.

[0090] These results may have important implications for the possible role of β-catenin in the regulation of tumorigenesis, since E-cadherin and α-catenin were suggested to have tumor suppressive effects when re-expressed in cells deficient in these proteins, and were shown to affect the organization of cell-cell adhesion. In addition, modulation of vinculin and α-actinin levels in certain tumor cells was shown to influence the tumorigenic ability of these cells and to affect anchorage independence and tumorigenicity in 3T3 cells. It is possible that such effects are attributable to the capacity of vinculin and α-actinin to bind β-catenin thus affecting both its localization and its role in regulating transcription.

[0091] The β-catenin binding domains of cadherin and α-catenin are well characterized. It will therefore be possible to provide shorter peptides or peptidomimetics comprising these domains which are therapeutically effective in blocking the oncogenic action conferred by constitutive transactivation of LEF/TCF-responsive genes by β-catenin in colon cancer or other cancers.

[0092] In addition, gene therapy with suitable vectors including nucleic acid sequences encoding these therapeutically effective peptides may be used for treatment of cancer associated with the β-catenin transactivation system.

[0093] It will be appreciated that one ordinarily skilled in the art of proteinaceous drug design and delivery, would know how the design peptides or peptidomimetics therapeutically effective in treating β-catenin transactivation system associated cancers.

[0094] It will further be appreciated that one ordinarily skilled in the art of gene therapy, would know how the design vectors encoding these therapeutically effective peptides and to use such vectors in treating β-catenin transactivation system associated cancers.

[0095] U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,866, to Sarkar et al., entitled “process for producing a targeted gene”, and which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein, discloses a reconstituted sendai-viral envelope containing the F-protein (F-virosomes) and to a process for producing a targeted gene or drug delivery carrier produced by the steps of chemical reduction of Sendai virus for reduction of HN protein and subjecting the reduced virus to the step of dialysis for removal of the reducing agent. The reduced virus is then solubilized with a detergent to obtain a solution. The said solution is centrifuged to separate the insolubles consisting of reduced HN protein and core of the virus, adding the required specific gene or drug to the centrifugal solution. Finally, the detergent is removed using an affinity complex agent which binds the detergent leading to the formation of the delivery carrier.

[0096] U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,027 to Zalipsky et al., entitled “poly(alkylene oxide) amino acid copolymers and drug carriers and charged copolymers based thereon”, and which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein, teaches copolymers of poly(alkylene oxides) and amino acids or polypeptide sequences which have pendant functional groups that are capable of being conjugated with pharmaceutically active compounds for drug delivery systems and cross-linked to form polymer matrices functional as hydrogel membranes. The copolymers can also be formed into conductive materials. Methods are also disclosed for preparing the polymers and forming the drug conjugates, hydrogel membranes and conductive materials.

[0097] U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,130 to Kriegler et al., entitled “retroviral vectors expressing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)”, and which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein, discloses a drug delivery virion which contains an expression system for the desired protein active ingredient packaged in an envelope derived from a retrovirus is especially useful in administering materials which need to cross cell membranes in order to serve their function.

[0098] U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,399 to Kriegler et al., entitled “retroviral vectors expressing cytokines”, and which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein, similarly teaches a drug delivery virion which contains an expression system for the desired protein active ingredient packaged in an envelope derived from a retrovirus is especially useful in administering materials which need to cross cell membranes in order to serve their function.

[0099] U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,575 to Unger et al., entitled “therapeutic drug delivery systems”, and which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein, teaches therapeutic drug delivery systems comprising gas-filled microspheres comprising a therapeutic are described. Methods for employing such microspheres in therapeutic drug delivery applications are also provided. Drug delivery systems comprising gas-filled liposomes having encapsulated therein a drug are preferred. Methods of and apparatus for preparing such liposomes and methods for employing such liposomes in drug delivery applications are also disclosed.

[0100] Different designs for gene therapy are also disclosed in Huber E., B. and Magrath I. 1998. Gene therapy in the treatment of cancer. Cambridge University Press., which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0101] Thus, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a polynucleotide which comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a cytoplasmic portion of cadherin. Preferably, the nucleotide sequence includes a portion of SEQ ID NOs. 1, 4, 45, 47, 49 or 51 and it preferably encodes, at most, about 70 amino acids of cadherin, preferably that portion of cadherin which includes a β-catenin binding domain.

[0102] Accordingly, there is also provided a gene therapy vehicle harboring the above described polynucleotide. Such a gene therapy vehicle is useful in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition, itself, as further detailed hereinunder, is useful for treatment of cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0103] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is provided a polypeptide which comprises an amino acid sequence of a cytoplasmic portion of cadherin. Preferably, the amino acid sequence includes a portion of SEQ ID NOs. 2, 5, 46, 48, 50 or 52. Preferably, the amino acid sequence includes, at most, about 70 amino acids of cadherin, most preferably it includes the β-catenin binding domain of cadherin.

[0104] Accordingly there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising the above polypeptide, which composition is useful for the treatment of cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0105] The cadherin according to the present invention may be of any type and from any species. Types of cadherins include E-cadherin, N-cadherin, P-cadherin and VE-cadherin. Species include human, chicken, Xenopus, mouse, canine and Drosophila and other species known to express cadherin.

[0106] Further according to the present invention there is provided a method of treating cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin. According to the method the cancer is treated with a therapeutic composition containing a polypeptide which includes a β-catenin binding domain, wherein the polypeptide is therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0107] Accordingly, there is further provided a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin. The pharmaceutical composition includes a therapeutically effective amount of a polypeptide including a β-catenin binding domain, therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0108] In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided yet another method of treating cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin. According to this method the cancer cells are genetically treated with an acceptable gene therapy vehicle harboring a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide including a β-catenin binding domain, therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0109] Accordingly, there is further provided a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cancer associated with abnormally high levels of β-catenin. This pharmaceutical composition includes an acceptable gene therapy vehicle harboring a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide including a β-catenin binding domain, therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0110] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section below, the term “treating” includes substantially inhibiting, slowing or reversing the progression of a disease, substantially ameliorating clinical symptoms of a disease or substantially preventing the appearance of clinical symptoms of a disease.

[0111] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section below, the term “β-catenin binding domain” refers to an amino acid sequence capable in specifically binding β-catenin. Few examples are given hereinbelow in the Examples section. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the specified examples. Processes for isolating binding domains are well known in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, affinity column chromatography, use of an antibody specific to a protein in a protein complex to precipitate the protein complex, phage display library screening, etc. Using a genetic approach, the yeast two hybrid system can be employed to clone nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides having such domains (Ausubel S. M., et al. Eds. (1998, electronic version update) Current protocols in molecular biology. Willy & Sons. N.Y. electronic update).

[0112] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section below, the term “acceptable gene therapy vehicle” refers to any vector or composition of matter useful in in vivo introduction of nucleic acids into cells of an organism. Some examples are mentioned hereinabove.

[0113] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the polypeptide is a cytoplasmic portion of cadherin or a portion thereof. As shown in the Examples section below, the cytoplasmic portion of cadherin includes a β-catenin binding domain capable of binding β-catenin and sequestering it from the nucleus and/or limit its association with LEF-1, and therefore effective in reducing the abnormally high levels of β-catenin. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the cytoplasmic portion of cadherin or the portion thereof is signal peptide free.

[0114] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section below, the term “signal peptide” refers to an amino acid sequence known to, or capable of directing a protein to a membrane.

[0115] The cadherin is preferably human cadherin. However, as shown in the Examples section below, all cadherins share high amino acid sequence homology and are all known to bind β-catenin. Furthermore, interspecies (heterologous) experiments reported herein and in numerous publications demonstrate functional compatibility of cadherin and β-catenin across the animal kingdom, from Drosophila, through Xenopus to a variety of mammals and human. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is not limited to any specific type of cadherin, as it is well known that all cadherins effectively bind β-catenin. Known cadherins include, but are not limited to, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, P-cadherin and VE-cadherin from human, chicken, Xenopus, mouse, canine and Drosophila and other species known to express cadherins.

[0116] The β-catenin binding domain of each of these cadherins may be used in the therapeutic composition, and/or to effect the method, of the present invention.

[0117] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polypeptide includes, at the most, about 70 amino acids of the β-catenin binding domain. The polypeptide may include additional sequences or motives required, for example, for drug targeting or delivery. As used herein in the specification and in the claims section below, the term “about” refers to ±10%. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the polypeptide includes, at the most, about 70 amino acids derived from cadherin, preferably from the carboxy terminus thereof. As demonstrated in the Examples section below, the carboxy terminus of cadherin is highly effective in binding β-catenin.

[0118] Thus, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention the polynucleotide sequence encodes a cytoplasmic portion of cadherin or a portion thereof capable of binding β-catenin and sequestering it from the nucleus and/or limit its association with LEF-1, and therefore is effective in reducing the abnormally high levels of β-catenin. The scope of the present invention is not limited to any specific type of cadherin encoding polynucleotide, as it is well known that all cadherins effectively bind β-catenin. Known cadherin genes include, but are not limited to, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, P-cadherin and VE-cadherin from human, chicken, Xenopus, mouse, canine and Drosophila and other species known to express cadherins. The β-catenin binding domain encoded by each of these cadherin genes may be used in the therapeutic composition, and/or to effect the method, of the present invention.

[0119] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polynucleotide sequence encodes about 70 amino acids of the β-catenin binding domain, at most. However, it may encode additional sequences or motives required, for example, for stability. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the polynucleotide sequence encodes, at the most, about 70 amino acids derived from cadherin, preferably from the carboxy terminus thereof. As demonstrated in the Examples section below, the carboxy terminus of cadherin is highly effective in binding β-catenin.

[0120] According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polypeptide is o-catenin or a portion thereof. Thus, according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polynucleotide sequence encodes o-catenin or a portion thereof.

[0121] As shown in the Examples section below, the o-catenin, which is known to include a β-catenin binding domain, is capable of binding β-catenin and sequestering it from the nucleus and/or limit its association with LEF-1. Therefore o-catenin, or its β-catenin binding domain, are effective in reducing the abnormally high levels of β-catenin.

[0122] The o-catenin is preferably human o-catenin. However, as shown in the Examples section below, all o-catenins share high amino acid sequence homology and are all known to bind β-catenin. Furthermore, interspecies experiments reported herein and in numerous publications demonstrate functional compatibility of o-catenin and β-catenin across the animal kingdom, from Drosophila, through Xenopus to a variety of mammals and human. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is not limited to any specific type of o-catenin, as it is well known that all o-catenins effectively bind β-catenin. Known o-catenins include, but are not limited to, those of human, chicken, Xenopus, mouse, canine and Drosophila and other species known to express cadherins. The β-catenin binding domain of each of these o-catenins may be used in the therapeutic composition, and/or to effect the method, of the present invention.

[0123] The polynucleotide according to the present invention may be a native polynucleotide or alternatively it may be a therapeutically active mutant, variant or portion thereof. Furthermore, the polynucleotide may further include a fused sequence which encodes a polypeptide which may render the fused protein more stable under the harsh cellular environment. For example, the fused sequence can encode, for example, a signal peptide which will direct the fused (chimeric) protein to the plasmatic cell membrane.

[0124] The polypeptide according to the present invention may include the 20 naturally occurring amino acids; those amino acids often modified post-translationally in vivo, including for example hydroxyproline, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine; and other unusual amino acids including, but not limited to, 2-aminoadipic acid, hydroxylysine, isodesmosine, nor-valine, nor-leucine and ornithine, all in D or L configurations. Similarly, the polypeptide may be a peptidomimetic molecule, for example, prepared by peptidomimetic methods, which has similar binding properties to β-catenin. Methods for preparing peptidomimetic compounds are well known in the art and are specified in Quantitative Drug Design, C. A. Ramsden Gd., Chapter 17.2, F. Choplin Pergamon Press (1992). Specifically, peptidomimetic compounds can be prepared by replacing at least one peptide bond with various non-peptidic bonds, such as, but not limited to, CH₂—NH, CH₂—S, CH₂—S═O, O═C—NH, CH₂—O, CH₂—CH₂, S═C—NH, CH═CH or CF═CH. The polypeptide according to the present invention may be a native polypeptide or alternatively it may be a therapeutically active mutant, variant or portion thereof. Furthermore, the polypeptide may further include a fusion polypeptide which may serve to assist the therapeutically functional polypeptide to cross cell membranes.

[0125] For therapeutic treatment of cancer the polypeptide can be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which may include thickeners, carriers, buffers, diluents, surface active agents, preservatives, and the like, all as well known in the art. Pharmaceutical compositions may also include one or more active ingredients such as but not limited to antiinflammatory agents, antimicrobial agents, anesthetics and the like.

[0126] The pharmaceutical composition may be administered in either one or more of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is of choice, and on the area to be treated. Administration may be done topically (including ophtalmically, vaginally, rectally, intranasally), orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example by intravenous drip or intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection.

[0127] Formulations for topical administration may include, but are not limited to, lotions, ointments, gels, creams, suppositories, drops, liquids, sprays and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.

[0128] Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, sachets, capsules or tablets. Thickeners, diluents, flavorings, dispersing aids, emulsifiers or binders may be desirable. Slow release particles are also conceivable.

[0129] Formulations for parenteral administration may include but are not limited to solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives.

[0130] Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the condition to be treated, but will normally be one or more doses per day, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several months or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved. Persons ordinarily skilled in the art can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates.

[0131] Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions, illustrate the invention in a non limiting fashion.

EXAMPLE 1 Inhibition of β-Catenin-mediated Transactivation by Cadherin Derivatives Materials and Experimental methods

[0132] Plasmid constructions: Full length chicken N-cadherin (Salomon et al. (1992) Extrajunctional distribution of N-cadherin in cultured human endothelial cells. J Cell Sci. 102:7-17, SEQ ID NOs. 1 and 3) was cloned into the pECE expression vector as previously described (Levenberg S. et al. (1998) Long-range and selective autoregulation of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions by cadherin or integrin ligands. J. Cell Sci. 111:347-357). The N-cadherin cytoplasmic tail was fused to the IL2Rα extracellular and transmembrane domains in the pcDNA3 expression vector to form the IL2R/N-cadherin chimera. The N-cadherin tail cDNA was isolated from the IL2R/N-cadherin chimera using HindIII and recloned into Bluescript (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). The insert was isolated by EcoRI and XhoI digestion and then ligated, in frame, to a flag epitope in the pECE plasmid. The truncations of the N- and E-cadherin tails were generated by PCR from chicken N-cadherin and mouse E-cadherin (Butz S. (1992) Plakoglobin and β-catenin: distinct but closely related. Science, 257:1142-1144, SEQ ID NOs. 4 and 6) cDNAs by the following PCR conditions: 30 cycles of 15 sec at 94° C., 15 sec at 55° C. and 30 sec at 72° C. The following oligonucleotide primers were used: (a) for the N-cadherin tail amino acid residues 752-912 (SEQ ID NOs. 2 and 3): (5′) 5′-CGGAATTCCAAGCGCCGTGA TAAGGAGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 7) and (3′) 5′-GCTCTAGATCAGTCATAGTC TTGCTCACCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 8); (b) for the N-cadherin C-terminal 71 amino acids, residues 842-912 (SEQ ID NOs. 2 and 3), (5′) 5′-CGGAATTCCATTAATGAGGGACTTAAAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 9) and the same 3′ oligonucleotide as above (i.e., SEQ ID NO. 8); (c) for N-cadherin residues 862-891 (SEQ ID NOs. 2 and 3), (5′) 5′-CGG AATTCCTTAGTCTTTGACTATGAAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 10) and (3′) 5′-GCTCTAGATCAGTCATAGTCTTGCTCACCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 11); (d) for the E-cadherin tail amino acids 735-884 (SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6), (5′) 5′-CGGAATTCCAGGAGAACGGTGGTCAAAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 12) and (3′) 5′-GCTCTAGACTAGTCGTCCTCGCCACCGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 13); (e) for the E-cadherin 72 C-terminal amino acids, residues 813-884 (SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6), (5′) 5′-CGGAATTCCATCGATGAAAACCTGAA GGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 14) and the same 3′ oligonucleotide as above (i.e., SEQ ID NO. 13); (f) for E-cadherin residues 833-862 (SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6), (5′) 5′-CGGAATTCCTTGGTGTTCGATTACGAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 15) and (3′) 5′-GCTCTAGATCAATCGTAGTCCTGGTCCTGAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 16). The 5′ primers contained EcoRI sites and the 3′ primers XbaI sites. The PCR products were fused to the C-terminus of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the pEGFP C1 plasmid (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). HA-LEF-1, mouse β-catenin and TOPFLASH/ FOPFLASH vectors, were kindly provided by Dr. R. Kemler (Huber O. C. (1996) Cadherins and catenins in development. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8:685-691), and Drs. M. van de Wetering and H. Clevers (van de Wetering M. R. et al. (1997) Armadillo coactivates transcription driven by the product of the Drosophila segment polarity gene dTCF. Cell 88:789-799), respectively.

[0133] Cell culture and transfections: CHO and SW480 human colon carcinoma cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal calf serum in an 8% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. Transfections were performed using Lipofectamine (Gibco, BRL, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Stably transfected CHO clones were generated by co-transfection with a plasmid encoding the puromycin resistance gene. Two days after transfection, cells were replated in the presence of 10 μg/ml puromycin (Sigma, Holon, Israel). Stable clones were isolated 2 weeks later and tested for the expression of the transgene by Western blot analysis.

[0134] Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation: The following antibodies were used: polyclonal pan-cadherin or monoclonal anti cadherin (CH-19) and polyclonal anti β-catenin antibodies were from Sigma (Holon, Israel). Monoclonal anti β-catenin, 5H10 (from M. Wheelock), anti IL2Rα (from UBI), anti flag (M2, from IBI), anti HA (clone 12CA5, from Boehringer Mannheim, Germany), anti GFP (polyclonal, from Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.), anti LEF-1 (polyclonal, kindly provided by Dr. R. Grosschedl). Secondary antibodies for Western blotting were goat anti rabbit or anti mouse conjugated to HRP (Amersham, Buckinghampshire, UK), and for immunofluorescence analysis the secondary antibodies were FITC-goat anti mouse (Cappel, USA) or rhodamine-anti rabbit antibodies (from Jackson Immuno-Research, West Grove, Pa.). Cells were harvested in Laemmli's sample buffer and equal amounts of total cell protein from the different clones, or from transient transfections, were separated by SDS-PAGE, electrotransferred to nitrocellulose and incubated with the different antibodies. For immunoprecipitation, cells were harvested in IP buffer (20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 1% Triton X-100, 140 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 1 mM EGTA, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM sodium vanadate, and 50 μg/ml PMSF). Equal amounts (500-700 μg) of cell protein were incubated with 1 μl of the relevant antibody for 2 hours at 4° C., followed by incubation with 20 μl of protein A+G/agarose beads (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies, Santa Cruz, Calif.) for an additional 2 hours at 4° C. The agarose beads were washed with 20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.5% NP-40, and the immune complexes recovered by boiling in Laemmli's sample buffer and resolved by SDS-PAGE.

[0135] Triton X-100 fractionation: Cells cultured on 35 mm plates were extracted at room temperature with 200 μl of a buffer containing 0.5% Triton X-100, 2.5 mM EGTA, 5 mM MgCl₂, and 50 mM MES pH 6.0 for 2 min. The Triton-soluble fraction was collected and the plates were washed twice with the same buffer to remove residual soluble material. The insoluble fraction was scraped into 200 μl of this buffer. Equal volumes of the two fractions were examined by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with anti cadherin and anti β-catenin antibodies.

[0136] Immunofluorescence microscopy: Cells cultured on glass coverslips were fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100. CHO cells were immunofluorescently labeled as described (Levenberg S. et al. (1998) Long-range and selective autoregulation of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions by cadherin or integrin ligands. J. Cell Sci. 111:347-357). Nuclei were visualized using DAPI and the fluorescence was examined using a Zeiss Axiophot microscope and a x100/1.3 Planapochromat objective.

[0137] Transactivation assays: CHO cells were transfected with TOPFLASH or FOPFLASH vectors (van de Wetering et al., 1997, ibid) and with pCDNA3 coding for β-galactosidase to normalize for transfection efficiency. The transfection mixture also contained either β-catenin, LEF-1 or cadherin derivatives in different combinations, as indicated. SW480 cells were transfected with TOPFLASH and cadherin derivatives. After 48 hours, cells were harvested and tested for luciferase and β-galactosidase activities as follows: Cells were washed 5 times with PBS, resuspended in PM-2 buffer (33 mM NaH₂PO₄, 66 mM Na₂HPO₄, 0.1 mM MnCl₂, 2 mM MgSO₄, 40 mM β-mercaptoethanol) and lysed by 5 cycles of freezing and thawing. Aliquots containing equal amounts of protein were incubated with O-Nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) at 37° C. until a yellow color appeared. The reactions were stopped with 1 M Na₂CO₃ and the absorbance at 420 nm was determined. Identical aliquots were tested for luciferase activity using luciferine buffer (100 mM Tris-O-Acetate pH 7.8, 10 mM Mg-O-Acetate, 1 mM EDTA, 74 μM luciferine (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) and 2.22 mM ATP, pH 7.0). The luciferase reaction was monitored by a TD-20e luminometer (Turner, USA) and normalized for the β-galactosidase activity.

Experimental Results

[0138] The effects of cadherin derivatives on the stability and localization of β-catenin in CHO cells: To study the effect of cadherin and cadherin derivatives on β-catenin organization and signaling, various cDNA constructs encoding N-cadherin, its cytoplasmic domain fused to the transmembrane and extracellular parts of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL2R), and the soluble cytoplasmic domains of N- and E-cadherin (or parts thereof) were prepared (FIG. 1). Each of the encoded cadherin derivatives contained an antigenic tag (IL2R or flag), or the autofluorescent green fluorescent protein (GFP) that enabled the visualization of the transfected protein.

[0139] CHO cells that contain very low levels of N-cadherin were stably transfected with either a full length N-cadherin, the IL2R/N-cadherin chimera, or the cytoplasmic tail of N-cadherin. As shown in FIG. 2A, the expression of each of the three cadherin derivatives induced an increase in β-catenin levels, probably by complexing with and protecting β-catenin from degradation. This was supported by showing a direct interaction of these cadherin derivatives with β-catenin by co-immunoprecipitation using antibodies against cadherin, IL2R and flag, followed by immunoblotting with anti β-catenin antibody (FIG. 2B).

[0140] The association of each of the expressed cadherin derivatives with the cytoskeleton was determined by detergent extraction followed by immunoblot analysis, and by immunofluorescence microscopy. Triton X-100 fractionation indicated that 71% of the full length N-cadherin was associated with the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction (FIG. 3). In contrast, 74% of the cadherin tail was Triton-soluble in CHO cells stably expressing these molecules (FIG. 3). Similarly, 72% of β-catenin was detergent-insoluble in CHO cells transfected with N-cadherin, while 64% of β-catenin was Triton-soluble in the N-cadherin tail expressing CHO cells (FIG. 3). The detergent solubility of these molecules in the IL2R/N-cadherin chimera expressing cells was similar to that of cells expressing full length cadherin (results not shown).

[0141] The subcellular localization of the N-cadherin derivatives and of β-catenin was studied by triple fluorescence microscopy. The labeling of the different clones with antibodies to cadherin, β-catenin and with DAPI is shown in FIG. 4. The parental CHO cells express very low levels of both N-cadherin and β-catenin. CHO-N-cadherin cells, on the other hand, exhibited intense N-cadherin and β-catenin staining that was mainly associated with cell-cell junctions. CHO cells expressing the IL2R/N-cadherin chimera displayed a diffuse IL2R/N-cadherin and β-catenin staining over the entire plasma membrane. In contrast, in CHO cells expressing the N-cadherin tail, both the cadherin tail and β-catenin were mainly localized in the nucleus (FIG. 4).

[0142] Inhibition of β-catenin-driven transactivation by cadherin derivatives in CHO cells: β-Catenin was shown to associate with transcription factors of the LEF/TCF family, forming a bipartite complex that can transactivate genes containing a LEF/TCF binding sequence near their promoter. In order to study the effect of the different cadherin derivatives on β-catenin-mediated transactivation, constructs were employed containing a multimeric synthetic LEF-1 binding site (TOPFLASH) and, as control, a mutated LEF-1 binding site (FOPFLASH), upstream of a luciferase reporter gene (van de Wetering et al., 1997, ibid). CHO cells were transfected with TOPFLASH or FOPFLASH together with either LEF-1 and β-catenin, or with LEF-1 and each of the cadherin constructs. In all transfections a CMV-β-galactosidase (CMV=cytomegalus virus) plasmid was included as an internal reporter for transfection efficiency. The results presented in FIG. 5A show an about 5-fold increase in luciferase activity after transfection of TOPFLASH together with LEF-1 and β-catenin into CHO cells, compared to TOPFLASH and LEF-1 transfection without β-catenin (FIG. 5A, compare lane 6 to 5). In contrast, transfection of LEF-1 with each of the three cadherin-derived molecules (FIG. 5D, lanes 7-9) was inefficient in elevating luciferase activity (FIG. 5A, lanes 7-9), despite the high levels of β-catenin expression in these cells after transfection (FIG. 5B, lanes 7-9). Moreover, although in N-cadherin tail expressing cells β-catenin was mostly localized in the nucleus (FIG. 4), no specific transactivation was detected in these cells (FIG. 5A, lane 9).

[0143] Distribution of N-cadherin derivatives and the effect on β-catenin transactivation in SW480 cells: SW480 colon carcinoma cells express mutant APC, low levels of E-cadherin and relatively high levels of free β-catenin. These cells also display very significant β-catenin-mediated transcription after transfection with TOPFLASH (FIG. 6A, lane 1). To determine the effect of cadherin on this β-catenin-driven transactivation, each of the three N-cadherin derivatives was transfected together with TOPFLASH into SW480 cells and luciferase activity determined. The results shown in FIG. 6A (lanes 2-4) demonstrate that the different cadherin constructs significantly suppressed TOPFLASH-responsive transcription. The most efficient inhibitor of this transactivation was the cadherin tail construct (FIG. 6A, lane 4), which inhibited the reporter gene by more than 85%. Full-length N-cadherin and the IL2R/N-cadherin chimera decreased the activity of the reporter by about 70% and 50%, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining of SW480 cells transfected with N-cadherin (FIG. 6B, N-CAD) showed that N-cadherin transfection resulted in binding of the endogenous β-catenin to the plasma membrane (FIG. 6B, β-CAT left), similarly to the results obtained with IL2R/N-cadherin chimera (data not shown), while the transfected cytoplasmic tail of N-cadherin (FIG. 6B, N-CAD tail) colocalized with β-catenin in the nucleus (FIG. 6B, β-CAT right).

[0144] Identification of the region in the C-terminal tail of cadherin that stabilizes β-catenin and inhibits its transactivation potential. To identify the region in the cadherin tail that is involved in the suppression of LEF-1-responsive transcription, the inhibitory activity of the cytoplasmic tails of E- and N-cadherin, and that of two deletion mutants prepared from these tails that were fused to GFP were compared (FIG. 1). The constructs were transfected into CHO cells to determine the level of β-catenin, and into SW480 cells to examine their inhibitory activity on transactivation (FIG. 7).

[0145] Western blot analysis of the GFP-cadherin constructs expressed in CHO cells is shown in FIG. 7A. The migration of the expressed proteins analyzed by SDS-PAGE was in agreement with the expected molecular weights for these constructs. Immunoblotting of the same extracts with anti β-catenin antibody indicated that the N- (NT) and E-cadherin (ET) tails were both efficient in stabilizing β-catenin against degradation (FIG. 7B). Furthermore, the C-terminal 71 amino acids of N-cadherin (N71, amino acids 842-912, SEQ ID NOs. 2 and 3, FIG. 1) and the C-terminal 72 amino acids of E-cadherin (E72 amino acids 813-884, SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6, FIG. 1) could also stabilize β-catenin in CHO cells (FIG. 7B). In contrast, shorter fragments of the cadherin cytoplasmic tails consisting of about 30 amino acids of the N- (N30, amino acids 860-891, SEQ ID NOs. 1 and 3, FIG. 1) and E-cadherin tails (E30, amino acids 833-862, SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6, FIG. 1), corresponding to the middle part of N71 and E72, were ineffective in stabilizing β-catenin against degradation (FIG. 7B).

[0146] Analysis of transactivation in SW480 cells (FIG. 7C) showed that the GFP-constructs containing the N- and E-cadherin tails inhibited luciferase activity by 80% and 75% respectively, while GFP only slightly reduced this activity (FIG. 7C). The shorter GFP-N71 and GFP-E72 constructs were somewhat less efficient and reduced transactivation by 70% and 60% respectively. The 30 amino acid E- and N-cadherin tail fragments did not affect β-catenin-mediated transactivation in SW480 cells (data not shown).

[0147] The N-cadherin tail inhibits the formation of a LEF-1-β-catenin complex: The inhibition by N-cadherin of β-catenin driven-transactivation could result from either displacement of LEF-1 binding to β-catenin by N-cadherin, or by formation of a ternary complex (cadherin-LEF-1-β-catenin) that has no transactivation potential. To distinguish between these possibilities, CHO cells were transfected with constant amounts of HA-tagged LEF-1 and with β-catenin, and increasing amounts of a cDNA encoding the N-cadherin tail (FIG. 8E, lanes 2-6). After transfection, LEF-1 was immunoprecipitated with anti HA antibody and the associated β-catenin was detected by Western blot analysis (FIG. 8A). The results shown in FIGS. 8A and 8E demonstrate that the increase in the level of N-cadherin tail inhibited β-catenin binding to LEF-1 in a dose dependent manner. This effect was especially prominent considering that the total amount of β-catenin in the transfected cells increased (FIG. 8D, compare lanes 2 to 6) in parallel with the level of the transfected N-cadherin tail (FIG. 8C, lanes 2-6), due to stabilization of β-catenin by its binding to the cadherin tail. This implies that the N-cadherin tail is effective in competing with LEF-1/β-catenin complex formation in the nucleus.

EXAMPLE 2 Differential Nuclear Translocation and Transactivation Potential of β-Catenin and Plakoglobin Materials and experimental Methods

[0148] Cell Culture and Transfections: Canine kidney epithelial cells MDCK, human fibrosarcoma HT1080, 293-T human embryonic kidney cells, Balb/C mouse 3T3 and human colon carcinoma SW480 cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% calf serum (Gibco, Grand Island, N.Y.) at 37° C. in the presence of 7% CO₂. The human renal carcinoma cell line KTCTL60 was grown in RPMI medium and 10% calf serum. Cells were transiently transfected with the cDNA constructs described below, using Ca²⁺-phosphate or lipofectamine (Gibco) and the expression of the transgene was assessed between 24 and 48 hours after transfection. In some experiments, the expression of the stably transfected NH₂ terminus-deleted β-catenin (Δ57) was enhanced in HT1080 cells by overnight treatment with 2 mM sodium butyrate.

[0149] Construction of Plasmids: The β-catenin, plakoglobin and α-catenin (SEQ ID NOs. 17 and 19) constructs were cloned in frame into the pCGN expression vector containing a 16-amino acids hemaglutinin (HA)-tag at the NH₂-terminus (FIG. 9). HA-β-catenin was obtained by PCR amplification of the 5′ end of mouse β-catenin using oligonucleotides 5′-ACCTTCTAGAATGGCTACTCA AGCTGACCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 20) and 5′-ATGAGCAGCGTCAAACT GCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 21). The XbaI/SphI fragment of the PCR product and the SphI/BamHI fragment of mouse β-catenin were joined and cloned into the pCGN vector. A β-catenin mutant containing armadillo repeats 1 to 10 (HA β-catenin 1-ins, FIG. 9) was obtained using oligonucleotides 5′-A CCTTCTAGATTGAAACATGCAGTTGTCAATTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 22) and 5′-ACCTGGATCCAGCTCCAGTACACCCTTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 23). The amplified fragment was cloned into pCGN as an XbaI/BamHI fragment. VSV-tagged β-catenin at the COOH terminus was obtained by PCR amplification of the 3′ end of Xenopus β-catenin using 5′-AACTGCTCCTCTTACTGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 24) and 5′-TATCC CGGGTCAAGTCAGTGTCAAACCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 25). An XbaI/SmaI fragment of the amplified product was joined to an XbaI/EcoRI digest of Xenopus β-catenin from Bluescript, and cloned into the pSY-1 plasmid containing an 11 amino acids VSV G-protein tag at the COOH terminus. The product was subcloned into pCI-neo (Promega, Madison, Wis.).

[0150] HA-tagged human plakoglobin (HA plakoglobin, FIG. 9) was obtained by PCR-amplification of the 5′ end of human plakoglobin cDNA (pHPG 5.1) using 5′-ACCTTCTAGAATGGAGGTGA TGAACCTGATGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 26) and 5′-AGCTGAGCATGCGGAC CAGAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 27) oligonucleotide primers. The XbaI/SphI fragment of the PCR product and the SphI/BamHI fragment of human plakoglobin cDNA were cloned into the pCGN vector. A plakoglobin mutant containing armadillo repeats 1 to 10 (HA plakoglobin 1-ins, FIG. 9) was amplified using 5′-ACCTTCTAGACTCAAGTCGGCCATTGTGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 28) and 5′-ACCTGGATCCTGCTCCGGTGCAGCCCTC C-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 29) oligonucleotides. The amplified fragment was cloned into the XbaI/BamHI site of pCGN. A COOH-terminus VSV-tagged plakoglobin (plakoglobin-VSV, FIG. 9) was obtained by amplifying the 3′ terminus of plakoglobin cDNA using 5′-AGGCCGCC CGGGCAGCATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 30) and 5′-CGCATGGAGATCTT CCGGCTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 31) oligonucleotide primers. The EcoRI/BgIII fragment of the plakoglobin cDNA and the BgIII/SmaI fragment of the amplified product were cloned in frame with the COOH-terminus VSV-tag into the pSY-1 plasmid. VSV-tagged plakoglobin was recloned into the pCI-neo expression vector (Promega, Madison, Wis.) as an EcoRI/NotI fragment.

[0151] HA-tagged α-catenin (HA α-catenin, FIG. 9) was constructed by amplification of the 5′ end of chicken α-catenin (SEQ ID NOs. 17 and 19) using 5′-ACCTTCTAGAATGACGGCTGTTACTG CAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 32) and 5′-GCCTTCTTAGAGCGCCCTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 33) oligonucleotide primers. The XbaI/ApaI fragment of the PCR product and the ApaI/KpnI fragment of chicken α-catenin from pLK-α-catenin were cloned into the pCGN vector. A HA-tagged mutant α-catenin (HAα-catenin Δβ, FIG. 9) lacking the β-catenin binding site (amino acids 118-166) was obtained by PCR-based mutagenesis using two fragments from the 5′ end of α-catenin corresponding to amino acids 1-117 (SEQ ID NOs. 18 and 19) and 167-303 (SEQ ID NOs. 18 and 19), and oligonucleotides 5′-ACCTTCTAGAATGACGGCTGTTACTGCAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 34), 5′-TGCCAGCGGAGCAGGGGTCATCAGCAAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 35), 5′-CTGCTCCGCTGGCACCGAGCAGGATCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 36) and 5′-ACGTTGCTCACTGAAGGTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 37). The two fragments were joined, and the product was amplified using 5′-ACCTTCTAGAATGACGGCTGTTACTGCAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 38) and 5′-ACGTTGCTCACTGAAGGTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 39) primers. The XbaI/BamHI fragment of the mutant construct and the BamHI/KpnI fragment of chicken α-catenin from HA-α-catenin were cloned into the pCGN vector.

[0152] HA-tagged LEF-1 at the COOH terminus, was a generous gift from Dr. Rolf Kemler (Max Planck Institute, Freiburg, Germany).

[0153] The DNA-binding domain of Gal4 (Gal4DBD) was obtained by PCR using a 5′-ACCTTCTAGAATGAAGCTACTGTCTTCTATC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 40) oligonucleotide with an XbaI site, and 5′-ACCTGAGCTCCGAT ACAGTCAACTGTCTTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 41) with a SacI site (for Gal4DBD β-catenin and Gal4DBD plakoglobin, FIG. 9), and with the antisense primer 5′-ACCTGGATCCTACGATACAGTCAACTGTCTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 42) creating a BaMHI site (for Gal4DBD, FIG. 9). Fragments corresponding to the COOH terminus of β-catenin (amino acids 682-781, Butz et al., 1994, ibid) and plakoglobin (amino acids 672-745, Franke, W. W. et al. (1989) Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of human plakoglobin, the common junctional plaque protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:4027-4031) were obtained by PCR using sense primers containing a SacI site and antisense primers containing a BamHI site. The XbaI/SacI fragment of Gal4DBD and the SacI/BamHI fragments of β-catenin and plakoglobin were joined and cloned into pCGN (FIG. 9). The XbaI/BamHI fragment of Gal4DBD was cloned into pCGN and used as control in transactivation assays. A CMV-promoter driven N-cadherin cDNA was used (Salomon et al, 1992, ibid). The validity of the constructs shown in FIG. 9 was verified by sequencing, and the size of the proteins determined after transfection into 293-T and MDCK cells by Western blotting with anti HA and anti VSV antibodies.

[0154] Transactivation Assays: Transactivation assays were conducted with SW480 and 293-T cells grown in 35 mm/diameter dishes that were transfected with 0.5 μg of a plasmid containing a multimeric LEF-1 consensus binding sequence driving the luciferase reporter gene (TOPFLASH), or a mutant inactive form (FOPFLASH, generously provided by Drs. H. Clevers and M. van de Wetering Univ. Utrecht, The Netherlands). A plasmid encoding β-galactosidase (0.5 μg) was cotransfected to enable normalization for transfection efficiency. The relevant plasmid expressing catenin constructs (4.5 μg) was co-transfected with the reporter, or an empty expression vector was included. After 24-48 hours expression of the reporter (luciferase) and the control (β-galactosidase) genes were determined using enzyme assay systems from Promega (Madison, Wis.).

[0155] The Gal4RE reporter plasmid for determining transactivation by Gal4DBD chimeras was constructed as follows: oligonucleotides comprising a dimer of 17 nucleotides of the Gal4 binding sequences containing a SacI site at the 5′ end and a BgIII site at the 3′ end, were obtained by PCR amplification using 5′-GGAAGACTCTC CTCCGGATCCGGAAGACTCTCCTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 43) and 5′-GAT CGGAGGAGAGTCTTCCGGATCCGGAGGAGAGTCTT CCAGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 44) and subcloned as a SacI/BgIII fragment into the pGL3-promoter plasmid (Promega, Madison, Wis.) driving luciferase expression.

[0156] Northern blot hybridization: Total RNA was extracted from cells by the guanidinium thiocyanate method. Northern blots containing 20 μg per lane of total RNA were stained with methylene blue to determine the positions of 18S and 28S rRNA markers, and then hybridized with plakoglobin (Franke et al, 1989, ibid) and β-catenin (Butz et al., 1992, ibid) cDNAs, which were labeled with ³²P-dCTP by the random priming technique.

[0157] Protease Inhibitors: The calpain inhibitor N-Acetyl-Leu-Leu-Norleucinal (ALLN, used at 25 μM) and the inactive analog N-Acetyl-Leu-Leu-Normethional (ALLM, used at 10 μg/ml) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). Lactacystin A (dissolved in water at 0.4 mg/ml was used at a final concentration of 4 μg/ml) and MG-132 (used at 10 or 20 μM) were purchased from Calbiochem (La Jolla, Calif.).

[0158] Immunofluorescence Microscopy: Cells cultured on glass coverslips were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde in PBS and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100. Monoclonal antibodies against human plakoglobin (11E4), β-catenin (5H10), the COOH terminus of β-catenin (6F9) and α-catenin (1G5) were described and kindly provided by Drs. M. Wheelock and K. Johnson (Univ. Toledo, Ohio). The secondary antibody was FITC- or Cy3-labeled goat anti mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, Pa.). Polyclonal antiserum against β-catenin, monoclonal antibody against pan cadherin (CH-19), vinculin (hours-VIN 1) and α-actinin (BM75.2) were from Sigma (Holon, Israel). Monoclonal antibodies against the splicing factor SC35 and the HA epitope were kindly provided by Dr. D. Helfman (CSH Laboratory, N.Y.). Polyclonal rabbit antibody against the VSV-G epitope was a gift from Dr. JC Perriard (ETH, Zurich, Switzerland). FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody was from Cappel/ICN. Monoclonal antibody against LEF-1 was kindly provided by Dr. R. Grosschedl (Univ. Calif. San Francisco, Calif.). Polyclonal anti HA-tag antibody was a gift from Dr. M. Oren (Weizmann Institute, Israel). Antibodies to actin were provided by Dr. J. Lessard (Childrens Hospital Res. Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio) and Dr. I. Herman (Tufts Univ. Boston, Mass.). The cells were examined by epifluorescence with a Zeiss Axiophot microscope. To determine the level of overexpression relative to the endogenous protein, digitized immunofluorecent microscopy was employed. Images of the fluorescent cells were recorded with a cooled, scientific grade CCD camera (Photometrics, Tucson, Ariz.). Integrated fluorescent intensities in transfected and nontransfected cells were determined, after the background was subtracted.

[0159] Electron Microscopy: Cells were processed for conventional electronmicroscopy by fixation with 2% glutaraldehyde followed by 1% OsO₄. The samples were dehydrated and embedded in Epon, sectioned, and examined in a EM410 Philips electronmicroscope. Samples processed for immunoelectronnmicroscopy were fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% glutaraldehyde in 100 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 5 mM CaCl₂, embedded in 10% gelatin and re-fixed as above, incubated with sucrose, frozen, and cryosectioned. The sections were incubated with monoclonal anti vinculin (hours-VIN-1), monoclonal anti β-catenin (5H10), or polyclonal anti VSV-tag (to recognize the VSV-tagged β-catenin), followed by secondary antibody conjugated to 10 nm gold particles (Zymed, San Francisco, Calif.). The sections were embedded in methyl cellulose and examined in a Philips CM12 electron microscope.

[0160] Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Immunoblotting: Equal amounts of total cell protein were separated by SDS PAGE, electro-transferred to nitrocellulose and incubated with monoclonal antibodies. The antigens were visualized by the enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham, Buckinghampshire, U.K). In some experiments, cells were fractionated into Triton X-100-soluble and -insoluble fractions. Briefly, cells cultured on 35 mm dishes were incubated in 0.5 ml buffer containing 50 mM MES, pH 6.8, 2.5 mM EGTA, 5 mM MgCl₂ and 0.5% Triton-X-100, at room temperature for 3 minutes. The Triton X-100-soluble fraction was removed, and the insoluble fraction was scraped into 0.5 ml of the same buffer. Equal volumes of the two fractions were analyzed by SDS PAGE followed by immunoblotting with the various antibodies.

Experimental Results

[0161] Overexpression of β-Catenin and Plakoglobin in MDCK Cells Results in their Nuclear Accumulation and in Nuclear Translocation of Vinculin: To determine the localization of overexpressed β-catenin and plakoglobin, MDCK cells that normally display these molecules at cell-cell junctions, were transiently transfected with VSV-tagged-β-catenin or plakoglobin cDNA constructs (FIG. 9) and immunostained with either anti VSV, anti β-catenin, or anti plakoglobin antibodies. The results in FIG. 10 show that when expressed at very low level, β-catenin was detected at cell-cell junctions (FIG. 10F), but in cells expressing higher levels (about 5 fold over the endogenous protein level, as determined by digital immunofluorescent microscopy), most of the transfected molecules were localized in the nuclei of cells, either in a diffuse form, or in aggregates of various shapes (speckles and rods, FIGS. 10A-C). These β-catenin-containing aggregates were organized in discernible structures that could be identified by phase microscopy (FIGS. 11E and 11F). Transmission electron microscopy of Epon-embedded cells revealed within the nucleus highly ordered bodies consisting of laterally aligned filamentous structures, with a filament diameter of about 10 nm and packing density of about 50 filaments per μm (FIG. 11A). Immunogold labeling of ultrathin frozen sections indicated that these intranuclear bodies contained high levels of β-catenin (FIGS. 11B and 11C).

[0162] Transfection of plakoglobin also resulted in nuclear accumulation of the molecule and in addition showed diffuse cytoplasmic (FIG. 10D) and junctional staining (see below, FIG. 15H). While nuclear aggregates were observed in plakoglobin-transfected cells (FIG. 10E), large rods were not detected in the nuclei of these cells. Similar structures were observed with HA-tagged and untagged β-catenin or plakoglobin (data not shown), suggesting that these structures in the nucleus assembled due to high levels of these proteins and are not attributable to tagging.

[0163] The unique assembly of β-catenin into discrete nuclear structures is, most probably non physiological, yet it enabled us to examine the association of other molecules with β-catenin (FIGS. 12A-J). Interestingly, in addition to the transcription factor LEF-1 (FIG. 12B) that was shown to complex with β-catenin in the nucleus, vinculin also strongly associated with the β-catenin-containing speckles and rods in the nucleus (FIGS. 12C and 12D). This was also confirmed by immunogold labeling of ultrathin frozen sections with anti vinculin antibodies showing that the labeling was distributed throughout the entire nuclear aggregate (FIG. 11D). In contrast, other endogenous proteins known to be involved in linking cadherins to actin at adherens junctions such as α-catenin (FIG. 12F), α-actinin (FIG. 12J) and plakoglobin (FIG. 12H) were not associated with the β-catenin-containing nuclear aggregates. Actin was also missing from these nuclear aggregates (results not shown). Furthermore, the β-catenin-containing rods and speckles were clearly distinct from other nuclear structures such as the splicing component SC35 (data not shown), which also displays a speckled nuclear organization in many cells.

[0164] The molecular interactions of plakoglobin were distinctly different from those formed by β-catenin. While nuclear speckles in MDCK cells overexpressing plakoglobin displayed some faint staining for LEF-1 (FIG. 13B compare to 13A), this was less pronounced than that seen with β-catenin (FIG. 12B), and essentially no nuclear co-staining for vinculin, α-catenin (not shown), or α-actinin (FIG. 13F) was observed. Interestingly, plakoglobin-containing nuclear speckles (FIG. 13C) were also stained with anti β-catenin, and the cytoplasm of these cells was essentially devoid of the diffuse β-catenin staining seen in non-transfected cells (FIG. 13D). This may be explained by the capacity of plakoglobin to compete and release β-catenin from its other partners (i.e., cadherin or APC) leading to its nuclear translocation.

[0165] Nuclear Accumulation of β-Catenin After Induced Overexpression: Transient transfection usually results in very high and non physiological levels of expression (and organization) of the transfected molecules. To obtain information on β-catenin that is more physiologically relevant, HT1080 cells, were isolated, stably expressing a mutant β-catenin molecule lacking the NH₂-terminal 57 amino acids (ΔN57) that is considerably more stable than the wt protein. In such stably transfected cells the level of expression was low, and only faint nuclear β-catenin staining was detected, with the majority of β-catenin localized at cell-cell junctions (FIG. 14C). However, when the cells were treated with butyrate, an about 2 fold increase in the expression of the transgene was observed by western blot analysis (data not shown), and a dramatic translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus occurred (FIG. 14D). This translocation was not observed in butyrate-treated control neo^(r) HT1080 cells (FIG. 14A, and B). These results suggest that an increase in β-catenin over certain threshold levels of either transiently or inducibly expressed β-catenin results in its nuclear translocation and accumulation.

[0166] LEF-1 Overexpression Induces Translocation of Endogenous β-Catenin but not Plakoglobin into the Nuclei of MDCK Cells: Nuclear translocation of β-catenin was shown to be promoted by elevated LEF-1 expression. The ability of transfected LEF-1 to induce the translocation of endogenous β-catenin and plakoglobin into the nuclei of MDCK cells were thus compared. Cells were transfected with a HA-tagged LEF-1 and after 36 hours doubly immunostained for LEF-1 and β-catenin, or for LEF-1 and plakoglobin. As shown in FIGS. 15A-H, while endogenous β-catenin was efficiently translocated into the nucleus in LEF-1-transfected cells and colocalized with LEF-1 (FIG. 15A, and B), plakoglobin was not similarly translocated into the nucleus (FIG. 15D compare to C). This difference between β-catenin and plakoglobin could result from the larger pool of diffuse β-catenin (FIG. 16A) that is available for complexing and translocation into the nucleus with LEF-1. In contrast, plakoglobin was almost exclusively found in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction (FIG. 16A), in association with adherens junctions and desmosomes. Vinculin and α-catenin that also display a large Triton X-100-soluble fraction (FIG. 16A), in contrast to α-actinin and plakoglobin, were not translocated into the nucleus after LEF-1 transfection (data not shown).

[0167] When LEF-1 was overexpressed in MDCK cells together with plakoglobin, both proteins were localized in the nucleus and displayed diffuse staining (FIGS. 15G and H), similar to β-catenin (FIGS. 15E and F). In cells doubly transfected with β-catenin and LEF-1, vinculin was also translocated into the nucleus displaying diffuse staining (FIG. 16B, β-CAT (upper inset) and Vinc), while plakoglobin was not detected in the nuclei of such cells (FIG. 16B, β-CAT (lower inset) and PG). Since LEF-1 transfection did not result in nuclear localization of vinculin (data not shown), this implies that vinculin translocation into the nucleus is only related to that of β-catenin.

[0168] Induction of β-Catenin Accumulation and its Nuclear Localization by Inhibition of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: Another treatment by which β-catenin and plakoglobin content could be elevated in cells, is the inhibition of degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway that apparently controls β-catenin and plakoglobin turnover. Two cell lines were are herein: 3T3 cells that express β-catenin, and KTCTL60 renal carcinoma cells that do not express detectable levels of cadherin, α-, β-catenin, or plakoglobin, and treated them with various inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (FIGS. 17A-D). In 3T3 cells, such treatment resulted in the appearance of higher molecular weight β-catenin forms representing most likely ubiquitinated derivatives of the molecule (FIG. 17A). This was accompanied by the accumulation of β-catenin in the nuclei of the cells (FIG. 17D, inset b, compare to inset a). In KTCTL60 cells that contain minute levels of β-catenin, inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway induced a dramatic increase in the level of β-catenin (FIG. 17B), and its translocation to the nucleus (FIG. 17D, inset d, compare to inset c). As these cells express no cadherins, it is conceivable that free β-catenin is very unstable and rapidly degraded by the proteasome pathway in these cells. In contrast, no plakoglobin was detected in KTCTL60 cells either before, or after treating the cells with the proteasome inhibitors (FIG. 17B) due to lack of plakoglobin RNA in these cells (FIG. 17C). When plakoglobin was stably overexpressed in KTCTL60-PG cells (FIG. 17C), its level was further increased by inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (FIG. 17B), and it accumulated in the nuclei of the cells (FIG. 17D, insets e and f). These results demonstrate that in some cells the level of β-catenin can be dramatically enhanced by inhibiting its degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Plakoglobin levels were also enhanced by MG-132 treatment, but to a considerably lower extent. Under conditions of excess, both proteins accumulated in the nuclei of cells.

[0169] Transcriptional Co-activation by Plakoglobin and β-Catenin of Gal4- and LEF-1-driven Transcription: β-Catenin and its homolog in Drosophila, armadillo, were shown to be able to activate transcription of LEF/TCF-responsive consensus sequences by their COOH-terminus. To compare the ability of β-catenin to that of plakoglobin in transactivation, the COOH-terminus of β-catenin and the corresponding domain in plakoglobin were fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding domain (FIG. 9). Both constructs, when co-transfected with a reporter gene (luciferase) whose transcription was driven by a Gal4-responsive element, showed a similar ability to activate the expression of the reporter gene (FIG. 18A). This implies that the COOH-terminal domain of plakoglobin, like that of armadillo and β-catenin, has the ability to activate transcription.

[0170] Next, the capacity of β-catenin and plakoglobin to activate transcription of a reporter gene driven by a multimeric LEF-1 binding consensus sequence in 293 cells was compared. The results summarized in FIG. 18B demonstrate that β-catenin is a potent transcriptional co-activator of the multimeric LEF-1-responsive sequence. Interestingly, a mutant β-catenin lacking the COOH-transactivation domain (FIG. 9, HA β-catenin 1-ins) was also active in promoting LEF-1-driven transcription (FIG. 18B). It was examined whether this resulted from the substitution for endogenous β-catenin in its complexes with cadherin and APC by the mutant β-catenin as seen in Xenopus embryos injected with mutant β-catenin. This could release endogenous β-catenin from cytoplasmic complexes, resulting in its translocation into the nucleus and transcriptional activation of the LEF-1-responsive reporter. Double immunofluorescence using an antibody against the HA-tag linked to the mutant β-catenin (FIG. 18C, inset c) and an anti β-catenin antibody recognizing the COOH-terminus of endogenous β-catenin (but not the mutant HA β-catenin 1-ins which lacks this domain), demonstrated that the level of endogenous β-catenin was elevated, and part of the endogenous protein translocated into the nucleus in cells expressing mutant β-catenin (FIG. 18C, inset d).

[0171] Plakoglobin could also activate LEF-1-driven transcription, albeit at 3 to 4 fold lower extent than β-catenin (FIG. 18B). A mutant plakoglobin lacking the COOH-transactivation domain (FIG. 9, HA plakoglobin 1-ins), was unable to enhance LEF-1-driven transcription (FIG. 18B). To examine if full length or mutant plakoglobin overexpression resulted in nuclear accumulation of endogenous β-catenin, cells transfected with HA-tagged plakoglobin were doubly stained for HA (FIG. 18C, inset a), and β-catenin (FIG. 18C, inset b). The results demonstrated that plakoglobin overexpression resulted in nuclear translocation of endogenous β-catenin (FIG. 18C, inset b compare to inset a). In contrast, the COOH-deletion mutant plakoglobin that was abundantly expressed in the transfected cells (FIG. 18C, inset e), was unable to cause translocation of endogenous β-catenin into the nucleus (FIG. 18C, inset f).

[0172] Taken together, these results strongly suggest that while both plakoglobin and β-catenin have a COOH-terminal domain that can act as co-transcriptional activator when fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding domain, LEF-1-driven transcriptional activation by mutant β-catenin and wt plakoglobin mostly resulted from the release of endogenous β-catenin from its cytoplasmic partners, its nuclear translocation, and induction of LEF-1-responsive transcription. Thus, elevated plakoglobin expression can influence β-catenin-driven transactivation.

[0173] Inhibition Of β-Catenin Nuclear Localization and Transactivation Capacity by N-Cadherin and α-Catenin: Constitutive transactivation by high levels of β-catenin was suggested to be involved in tumor progression in colon carcinoma. In addition, the signaling activity of β-catenin in Xenopus development could be blocked by its junctional partners (i.e., C-cadherin and the NH₂-terminal of α-catenin. The localization and transcriptional activation capacity of β-catenin was investigated in SW480 colon carcinoma cells that overexpress β-catenin due to lack of APC, before and after transfection with N-cadherin and α-catenin. In these cells, β-catenin is abundant in the nucleus and a high level of constitutive LEF-1 driven transcription was detected (FIG. 19A). This activity of β-catenin was effectively blocked by the co-transfection of N-cadherin, or α-catenin (FIG. 19A). Deletion of the β-catenin binding site on α-catenin (FIG. 9, α-catenin Δβ) abolished the transactivation inhibition capacity of this molecule (FIG. 19A). Double immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that both molecules can drive β-catenin out of the nucleus in transfected SW480 cells (FIG. 19B). In these cells, β-catenin was sequestered to the cytoplasm by α-catenin (FIG. 19B, insets c and d) or to cell-cell junctions by the transfected N-cadherin (FIG. 19B, insets a and b). The α-catenin mutant lacking the β-catenin binding site (FIG. 19B, insets e and f) did not show this activity. The results suggest that the partners of β-catenin that are active in cell adhesion, are effective antagonists of the nuclear localization of β-catenin and its function in transcriptional regulation.

EXAMPLE 3 Sequence Homologies among Cadherin and o-Catenin Genes and Proteins

[0174] It is evident from the experiment described herein and elsewhere that both cadherins and o catenins are functionally conserved. This conservation specifically includes their ability for interspecies interaction with β catenins, as was determined using various heterologous systems. As can be expected, this functional conservation is reflected by high sequence conservation at the nucleic and amino acid levels among cadherins and o catenins of different types and origins, as is evident from the homologies presented in FIGS. 20-23.

[0175] Thus, the scope of the present invention is not limited to cadherins and o catenins of specific types and origins, rather, it is intended to embrace all cadherins and o catenins regardless of their type and species origin because all of the cadherins and o catenins so far examined include interspecies functional β catenin binding domains.

[0176] Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

1 60 1 2824 DNA Gallus gallus 1 gggggccgcc ccgccgccgc ccctcctcgc ctccatgtgc cggatagcgg gaacgccgcc 60 gcggatcctg ccgccgctgg cgctgatgct gctggcggcc ctgcagcagg caccgataaa 120 agcaacttgt gaagacatgt tgtgcaagat gggatttcct gaagatgtgc acagtgcagt 180 cgtgtcgagg agtgtacatg gaggacaacc tctgctcaat gtgaggtttc aaagctgcga 240 tgaaaacaga aaaatatact ttggaagcag tgagccagaa gattttagag taggtgaaga 300 tggtgtggta tatgcagaga gaagctttca actttcagca gagcccacgg agtttgtagt 360 gtctgctcga gacaaggaaa ctcaggaaga atggcaaatg aaggtgaagc taacccctga 420 accagcattc acaggggcct cagaaaagga ccaaaagaaa attgaagaca tcatatttcc 480 atggcaacaa tataaggaca gcagccatct gaagagacag aagagagact gggttatccc 540 tccaatcaac ctaccagaaa attccagagg accttttcct caagaattag ttaggattcg 600 gtctgatcgt gataaaagcc tttcgctacg gtacagtgtg actggcccag gagctgacca 660 acctccaaca ggaatcttca tcatcaaccc catctcagga cagctgtctg tgacaaagcc 720 tttagatcgg gagcagattg cttcttttca tctgagagca catgcagtgg atgtaaatgg 780 aaaccaggtg gaaaatccta ttgatattgt gattaacgtc attgatatga atgataacag 840 acctgaattc ttgcatcagg tttggaatgg gacagttcct gaaggatcaa agccaggaac 900 ctatgtaatg actgttactg ccatcgatgc tgatgatccc aatgcacaga atgggatgct 960 gagatacaga atcttgtcac aggcaccaag cagtccctct cccaacatgt ttacaatcaa 1020 caatgagact ggtgacatta ttaccgtagc agctgggctc gacagagaga aagtacaaca 1080 gtatacatta ataattcaag ctacggacat ggaaggaaac ccaacatatg gtctttcaaa 1140 cacagcaact gctgtcatca ctgtgacaga tgtcaatgac aatcctccag agttcactgc 1200 tatgactttc tacggtgaag taccagaaaa cagagtggat gtcatagtgg ctaacctaac 1260 agtaacagat aaagatcagc cacacacgcc tgcgtggaat gcgaggtacc aaatgacagg 1320 gggagacccg acaggccagt ttactatcct gaccgatcca aatagcaatg atgggttggt 1380 aactgttgtc aagcccattg actttgagac caacaggatg tttgtactta ctgtagctgc 1440 agaaaatcaa gtgcctttgg ctaaggggat tcagcatcct cctcagtcaa cagcaaccgt 1500 gtccattaca gtcattgatg tgaatgagag tccatatttt gttccaaacc ccaagcttgt 1560 acgtcaagaa gaagggctac ttgctggtag catgttgaca actttcactg ctcgggaccc 1620 agatcgttac atgcagcaaa cctctctaag gtactcaaaa ctttcggacc ctgcaaactg 1680 gctaaaaatt gaccctgtta atggacaaat aacaaccaca gctgttttgg acagagaatc 1740 gatatatgtg caaaacaata tgtataatgc aacttttctt gcctctgata atggaattcc 1800 tccaatgagt ggaactggta cacttcagat atacttgctg gacatcaatg ataatgctcc 1860 ccaagtgaac ccaaaagaag ccaccacctg tgaaacactg cagcctaatg ctattaacat 1920 cactgctgta gaccctgaca ttgatccaaa tgcaggccca tttgcctttg agctgcctga 1980 ttcacctcct agtattaaga ggaattggac cattgttcga attagtggtg atcatgccca 2040 gctctcttta aggatcaggt tcctggaggc tggtatctat gatgtgccca tagtaattac 2100 agattctgga aatccacatg catctagcac ttctgtgcta aaagtgaaag tttgccaatg 2160 tgacataaat ggggactgta ctgatgttga ccggattgtt ggcgcaggac tgggcactgg 2220 tgccatcatt gcaattctgc tttgtatcat catcttactc attttagttt tgatgttcgt 2280 agtatggatg aagcgccgtg ataaggagcg tcaggccaag cagctcttaa ttgatccaga 2340 agatgatgtg agggacaaca ttctgaaata tgatgaagaa ggtggtggag aagaagatca 2400 ggattatgac ttgagccagc tccagcagcc tgacactgta gaaccagacg ccatcaaacc 2460 tgttggaatc agacgtcttg atgaaaggcc aatccatgca gaacctcagt atccagtcag 2520 atcagctgct cctcatcctg gggacattgg ggacttcatt aatgagggac ttaaagcagc 2580 cgacaacgac cctacagccc cgccatacga ttccctctta gtctttgact atgaaggaag 2640 cggctccact gctggatcct tgagctctct taattcctca agtagcggtg gtgagcaaga 2700 ctatgactac ctaaatgact ggggcccacg tttcaagaaa cttgctgaca tgtacggtgg 2760 aggtgatgac tgaacttcaa agtgaacttt gtttctggac aagtacaaac atttcaactg 2820 atat 2824 2 912 PRT Gallus gallus 2 Met Cys Arg Ile Ala Gly Thr Pro Pro Arg Ile Leu Pro Pro Leu Ala 1 5 10 15 Leu Met Leu Leu Ala Ala Leu Gln Gln Ala Pro Ile Lys Ala Thr Cys 20 25 30 Glu Asp Met Leu Cys Lys Met Gly Phe Pro Glu Asp Val His Ser Ala 35 40 45 Val Val Ser Arg Ser Val His Gly Gly Gln Pro Leu Leu Asn Val Arg 50 55 60 Phe Gln Ser Cys Asp Glu Asn Arg Lys Ile Tyr Phe Gly Ser Ser Glu 65 70 75 80 Pro Glu Asp Phe Arg Val Gly Glu Asp Gly Val Val Tyr Ala Glu Arg 85 90 95 Ser Phe Gln Leu Ser Ala Glu Pro Thr Glu Phe Val Val Ser Ala Arg 100 105 110 Asp Lys Glu Thr Gln Glu Glu Trp Gln Met Lys Val Lys Leu Thr Pro 115 120 125 Glu Pro Ala Phe Thr Gly Ala Ser Glu Lys Asp Gln Lys Lys Ile Glu 130 135 140 Asp Ile Ile Phe Pro Trp Gln Gln Tyr Lys Asp Ser Ser His Leu Lys 145 150 155 160 Arg Gln Lys Arg Asp Trp Val Ile Pro Pro Ile Asn Leu Pro Glu Asn 165 170 175 Ser Arg Gly Pro Phe Pro Gln Glu Leu Val Arg Ile Arg Ser Asp Arg 180 185 190 Asp Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Arg Tyr Ser Val Thr Gly Pro Gly Ala Asp 195 200 205 Gln Pro Pro Thr Gly Ile Phe Ile Ile Asn Pro Ile Ser Gly Gln Leu 210 215 220 Ser Val Thr Lys Pro Leu Asp Arg Glu Gln Ile Ala Ser Phe His Leu 225 230 235 240 Arg Ala His Ala Val Asp Val Asn Gly Asn Gln Val Glu Asn Pro Ile 245 250 255 Asp Ile Val Ile Asn Val Ile Asp Met Asn Asp Asn Arg Pro Glu Phe 260 265 270 Leu His Gln Val Trp Asn Gly Thr Val Pro Glu Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly 275 280 285 Thr Tyr Val Met Thr Val Thr Ala Ile Asp Ala Asp Asp Pro Asn Ala 290 295 300 Gln Asn Gly Met Leu Arg Tyr Arg Ile Leu Ser Gln Ala Pro Ser Ser 305 310 315 320 Pro Ser Pro Asn Met Phe Thr Ile Asn Asn Glu Thr Gly Asp Ile Ile 325 330 335 Thr Val Ala Ala Gly Leu Asp Arg Glu Lys Val Gln Gln Tyr Thr Leu 340 345 350 Ile Ile Gln Ala Thr Asp Met Glu Gly Asn Pro Thr Tyr Gly Leu Ser 355 360 365 Asn Thr Ala Thr Ala Val Ile Thr Val Thr Asp Val Asn Asp Asn Pro 370 375 380 Pro Glu Phe Thr Ala Met Thr Phe Tyr Gly Glu Val Pro Glu Asn Arg 385 390 395 400 Val Asp Val Ile Val Ala Asn Leu Thr Val Thr Asp Lys Asp Gln Pro 405 410 415 His Thr Pro Ala Trp Asn Ala Arg Tyr Gln Met Thr Gly Gly Asp Pro 420 425 430 Thr Gly Gln Phe Thr Ile Leu Thr Asp Pro Asn Ser Asn Asp Gly Leu 435 440 445 Val Thr Val Val Lys Pro Ile Asp Phe Glu Thr Asn Arg Met Phe Val 450 455 460 Leu Thr Val Ala Ala Glu Asn Gln Val Pro Leu Ala Lys Gly Ile Gln 465 470 475 480 His Pro Pro Gln Ser Thr Ala Thr Val Ser Ile Thr Val Ile Asp Val 485 490 495 Asn Glu Ser Pro Tyr Phe Val Pro Asn Pro Lys Leu Val Arg Gln Glu 500 505 510 Glu Gly Leu Leu Ala Gly Ser Met Leu Thr Thr Phe Thr Ala Arg Asp 515 520 525 Pro Asp Arg Tyr Met Gln Gln Thr Ser Leu Arg Tyr Ser Lys Leu Ser 530 535 540 Asp Pro Ala Asn Trp Leu Lys Ile Asp Pro Val Asn Gly Gln Ile Thr 545 550 555 560 Thr Thr Ala Val Leu Asp Arg Glu Ser Ile Tyr Val Gln Asn Asn Met 565 570 575 Tyr Asn Ala Thr Phe Leu Ala Ser Asp Asn Gly Ile Pro Pro Met Ser 580 585 590 Gly Thr Gly Thr Leu Gln Ile Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Asn Asp Asn Ala 595 600 605 Pro Gln Val Asn Pro Lys Glu Ala Thr Thr Cys Glu Thr Leu Gln Pro 610 615 620 Asn Ala Ile Asn Ile Thr Ala Val Asp Pro Asp Ile Asp Pro Asn Ala 625 630 635 640 Gly Pro Phe Ala Phe Glu Leu Pro Asp Ser Pro Pro Ser Ile Lys Arg 645 650 655 Asn Trp Thr Ile Val Arg Ile Ser Gly Asp His Ala Gln Leu Ser Leu 660 665 670 Arg Ile Arg Phe Leu Glu Ala Gly Ile Tyr Asp Val Pro Ile Val Ile 675 680 685 Thr Asp Ser Gly Asn Pro His Ala Ser Ser Thr Ser Val Leu Lys Val 690 695 700 Lys Val Cys Gln Cys Asp Ile Asn Gly Asp Cys Thr Asp Val Asp Arg 705 710 715 720 Ile Val Gly Ala Gly Leu Gly Thr Gly Ala Ile Ile Ala Ile Leu Leu 725 730 735 Cys Ile Ile Ile Leu Leu Ile Leu Val Leu Met Phe Val Val Trp Met 740 745 750 Lys Arg Arg Asp Lys Glu Arg Gln Ala Lys Gln Leu Leu Ile Asp Pro 755 760 765 Glu Asp Asp Val Arg Asp Asn Ile Leu Lys Tyr Asp Glu Glu Gly Gly 770 775 780 Gly Glu Glu Asp Gln Asp Tyr Asp Leu Ser Gln Leu Gln Gln Pro Asp 785 790 795 800 Thr Val Glu Pro Asp Ala Ile Lys Pro Val Gly Ile Arg Arg Leu Asp 805 810 815 Glu Arg Pro Ile His Ala Glu Pro Gln Tyr Pro Val Arg Ser Ala Ala 820 825 830 Pro His Pro Gly Asp Ile Gly Asp Phe Ile Asn Glu Gly Leu Lys Ala 835 840 845 Ala Asp Asn Asp Pro Thr Ala Pro Pro Tyr Asp Ser Leu Leu Val Phe 850 855 860 Asp Tyr Glu Gly Ser Gly Ser Thr Ala Gly Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Asn 865 870 875 880 Ser Ser Ser Ser Gly Gly Glu Gln Asp Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Asn Asp Trp 885 890 895 Gly Pro Arg Phe Lys Lys Leu Ala Asp Met Tyr Gly Gly Gly Asp Asp 900 905 910 3 2824 DNA Gallus gallus CDS (35)..(2770) 3 gggggccgcc ccgccgccgc ccctcctcgc ctcc atg tgc cgg ata gcg gga acg 55 Met Cys Arg Ile Ala Gly Thr 1 5 ccg ccg cgg atc ctg ccg ccg ctg gcg ctg atg ctg ctg gcg gcc ctg 103 Pro Pro Arg Ile Leu Pro Pro Leu Ala Leu Met Leu Leu Ala Ala Leu 10 15 20 cag cag gca ccg ata aaa gca act tgt gaa gac atg ttg tgc aag atg 151 Gln Gln Ala Pro Ile Lys Ala Thr Cys Glu Asp Met Leu Cys Lys Met 25 30 35 gga ttt cct gaa gat gtg cac agt gca gtc gtg tcg agg agt gta cat 199 Gly Phe Pro Glu Asp Val His Ser Ala Val Val Ser Arg Ser Val His 40 45 50 55 gga gga caa cct ctg ctc aat gtg agg ttt caa agc tgc gat gaa aac 247 Gly Gly Gln Pro Leu Leu Asn Val Arg Phe Gln Ser Cys Asp Glu Asn 60 65 70 aga aaa ata tac ttt gga agc agt gag cca gaa gat ttt aga gta ggt 295 Arg Lys Ile Tyr Phe Gly Ser Ser Glu Pro Glu Asp Phe Arg Val Gly 75 80 85 gaa gat ggt gtg gta tat gca gag aga agc ttt caa ctt tca gca gag 343 Glu Asp Gly Val Val Tyr Ala Glu Arg Ser Phe Gln Leu Ser Ala Glu 90 95 100 ccc acg gag ttt gta gtg tct gct cga gac aag gaa act cag gaa gaa 391 Pro Thr Glu Phe Val Val Ser Ala Arg Asp Lys Glu Thr Gln Glu Glu 105 110 115 tgg caa atg aag gtg aag cta acc cct gaa cca gca ttc aca ggg gcc 439 Trp Gln Met Lys Val Lys Leu Thr Pro Glu Pro Ala Phe Thr Gly Ala 120 125 130 135 tca gaa aag gac caa aag aaa att gaa gac atc ata ttt cca tgg caa 487 Ser Glu Lys Asp Gln Lys Lys Ile Glu Asp Ile Ile Phe Pro Trp Gln 140 145 150 caa tat aag gac agc agc cat ctg aag aga cag aag aga gac tgg gtt 535 Gln Tyr Lys Asp Ser Ser His Leu Lys Arg Gln Lys Arg Asp Trp Val 155 160 165 atc cct cca atc aac cta cca gaa aat tcc aga gga cct ttt cct caa 583 Ile Pro Pro Ile Asn Leu Pro Glu Asn Ser Arg Gly Pro Phe Pro Gln 170 175 180 gaa tta gtt agg att cgg tct gat cgt gat aaa agc ctt tcg cta cgg 631 Glu Leu Val Arg Ile Arg Ser Asp Arg Asp Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Arg 185 190 195 tac agt gtg act ggc cca gga gct gac caa cct cca aca gga atc ttc 679 Tyr Ser Val Thr Gly Pro Gly Ala Asp Gln Pro Pro Thr Gly Ile Phe 200 205 210 215 atc atc aac ccc atc tca gga cag ctg tct gtg aca aag cct tta gat 727 Ile Ile Asn Pro Ile Ser Gly Gln Leu Ser Val Thr Lys Pro Leu Asp 220 225 230 cgg gag cag att gct tct ttt cat ctg aga gca cat gca gtg gat gta 775 Arg Glu Gln Ile Ala Ser Phe His Leu Arg Ala His Ala Val Asp Val 235 240 245 aat gga aac cag gtg gaa aat cct att gat att gtg att aac gtc att 823 Asn Gly Asn Gln Val Glu Asn Pro Ile Asp Ile Val Ile Asn Val Ile 250 255 260 gat atg aat gat aac aga cct gaa ttc ttg cat cag gtt tgg aat ggg 871 Asp Met Asn Asp Asn Arg Pro Glu Phe Leu His Gln Val Trp Asn Gly 265 270 275 aca gtt cct gaa gga tca aag cca gga acc tat gta atg act gtt act 919 Thr Val Pro Glu Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly Thr Tyr Val Met Thr Val Thr 280 285 290 295 gcc atc gat gct gat gat ccc aat gca cag aat ggg atg ctg aga tac 967 Ala Ile Asp Ala Asp Asp Pro Asn Ala Gln Asn Gly Met Leu Arg Tyr 300 305 310 aga atc ttg tca cag gca cca agc agt ccc tct ccc aac atg ttt aca 1015 Arg Ile Leu Ser Gln Ala Pro Ser Ser Pro Ser Pro Asn Met Phe Thr 315 320 325 atc aac aat gag act ggt gac att att acc gta gca gct ggg ctc gac 1063 Ile Asn Asn Glu Thr Gly Asp Ile Ile Thr Val Ala Ala Gly Leu Asp 330 335 340 aga gag aaa gta caa cag tat aca tta ata att caa gct acg gac atg 1111 Arg Glu Lys Val Gln Gln Tyr Thr Leu Ile Ile Gln Ala Thr Asp Met 345 350 355 gaa gga aac cca aca tat ggt ctt tca aac aca gca act gct gtc atc 1159 Glu Gly Asn Pro Thr Tyr Gly Leu Ser Asn Thr Ala Thr Ala Val Ile 360 365 370 375 act gtg aca gat gtc aat gac aat cct cca gag ttc act gct atg act 1207 Thr Val Thr Asp Val Asn Asp Asn Pro Pro Glu Phe Thr Ala Met Thr 380 385 390 ttc tac ggt gaa gta cca gaa aac aga gtg gat gtc ata gtg gct aac 1255 Phe Tyr Gly Glu Val Pro Glu Asn Arg Val Asp Val Ile Val Ala Asn 395 400 405 cta aca gta aca gat aaa gat cag cca cac acg cct gcg tgg aat gcg 1303 Leu Thr Val Thr Asp Lys Asp Gln Pro His Thr Pro Ala Trp Asn Ala 410 415 420 agg tac caa atg aca ggg gga gac ccg aca ggc cag ttt act atc ctg 1351 Arg Tyr Gln Met Thr Gly Gly Asp Pro Thr Gly Gln Phe Thr Ile Leu 425 430 435 acc gat cca aat agc aat gat ggg ttg gta act gtt gtc aag ccc att 1399 Thr Asp Pro Asn Ser Asn Asp Gly Leu Val Thr Val Val Lys Pro Ile 440 445 450 455 gac ttt gag acc aac agg atg ttt gta ctt act gta gct gca gaa aat 1447 Asp Phe Glu Thr Asn Arg Met Phe Val Leu Thr Val Ala Ala Glu Asn 460 465 470 caa gtg cct ttg gct aag ggg att cag cat cct cct cag tca aca gca 1495 Gln Val Pro Leu Ala Lys Gly Ile Gln His Pro Pro Gln Ser Thr Ala 475 480 485 acc gtg tcc att aca gtc att gat gtg aat gag agt cca tat ttt gtt 1543 Thr Val Ser Ile Thr Val Ile Asp Val Asn Glu Ser Pro Tyr Phe Val 490 495 500 cca aac ccc aag ctt gta cgt caa gaa gaa ggg cta ctt gct ggt agc 1591 Pro Asn Pro Lys Leu Val Arg Gln Glu Glu Gly Leu Leu Ala Gly Ser 505 510 515 atg ttg aca act ttc act gct cgg gac cca gat cgt tac atg cag caa 1639 Met Leu Thr Thr Phe Thr Ala Arg Asp Pro Asp Arg Tyr Met Gln Gln 520 525 530 535 acc tct cta agg tac tca aaa ctt tcg gac cct gca aac tgg cta aaa 1687 Thr Ser Leu Arg Tyr Ser Lys Leu Ser Asp Pro Ala Asn Trp Leu Lys 540 545 550 att gac cct gtt aat gga caa ata aca acc aca gct gtt ttg gac aga 1735 Ile Asp Pro Val Asn Gly Gln Ile Thr Thr Thr Ala Val Leu Asp Arg 555 560 565 gaa tcg ata tat gtg caa aac aat atg tat aat gca act ttt ctt gcc 1783 Glu Ser Ile Tyr Val Gln Asn Asn Met Tyr Asn Ala Thr Phe Leu Ala 570 575 580 tct gat aat gga att cct cca atg agt gga act ggt aca ctt cag ata 1831 Ser Asp Asn Gly Ile Pro Pro Met Ser Gly Thr Gly Thr Leu Gln Ile 585 590 595 tac ttg ctg gac atc aat gat aat gct ccc caa gtg aac cca aaa gaa 1879 Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Asn Asp Asn Ala Pro Gln Val Asn Pro Lys Glu 600 605 610 615 gcc acc acc tgt gaa aca ctg cag cct aat gct att aac atc act gct 1927 Ala Thr Thr Cys Glu Thr Leu Gln Pro Asn Ala Ile Asn Ile Thr Ala 620 625 630 gta gac cct gac att gat cca aat gca ggc cca ttt gcc ttt gag ctg 1975 Val Asp Pro Asp Ile Asp Pro Asn Ala Gly Pro Phe Ala Phe Glu Leu 635 640 645 cct gat tca cct cct agt att aag agg aat tgg acc att gtt cga att 2023 Pro Asp Ser Pro Pro Ser Ile Lys Arg Asn Trp Thr Ile Val Arg Ile 650 655 660 agt ggt gat cat gcc cag ctc tct tta agg atc agg ttc ctg gag gct 2071 Ser Gly Asp His Ala Gln Leu Ser Leu Arg Ile Arg Phe Leu Glu Ala 665 670 675 ggt atc tat gat gtg ccc ata gta att aca gat tct gga aat cca cat 2119 Gly Ile Tyr Asp Val Pro Ile Val Ile Thr Asp Ser Gly Asn Pro His 680 685 690 695 gca tct agc act tct gtg cta aaa gtg aaa gtt tgc caa tgt gac ata 2167 Ala Ser Ser Thr Ser Val Leu Lys Val Lys Val Cys Gln Cys Asp Ile 700 705 710 aat ggg gac tgt act gat gtt gac cgg att gtt ggc gca gga ctg ggc 2215 Asn Gly Asp Cys Thr Asp Val Asp Arg Ile Val Gly Ala Gly Leu Gly 715 720 725 act ggt gcc atc att gca att ctg ctt tgt atc atc atc tta ctc att 2263 Thr Gly Ala Ile Ile Ala Ile Leu Leu Cys Ile Ile Ile Leu Leu Ile 730 735 740 tta gtt ttg atg ttc gta gta tgg atg aag cgc cgt gat aag gag cgt 2311 Leu Val Leu Met Phe Val Val Trp Met Lys Arg Arg Asp Lys Glu Arg 745 750 755 cag gcc aag cag ctc tta att gat cca gaa gat gat gtg agg gac aac 2359 Gln Ala Lys Gln Leu Leu Ile Asp Pro Glu Asp Asp Val Arg Asp Asn 760 765 770 775 att ctg aaa tat gat gaa gaa ggt ggt gga gaa gaa gat cag gat tat 2407 Ile Leu Lys Tyr Asp Glu Glu Gly Gly Gly Glu Glu Asp Gln Asp Tyr 780 785 790 gac ttg agc cag ctc cag cag cct gac act gta gaa cca gac gcc atc 2455 Asp Leu Ser Gln Leu Gln Gln Pro Asp Thr Val Glu Pro Asp Ala Ile 795 800 805 aaa cct gtt gga atc aga cgt ctt gat gaa agg cca atc cat gca gaa 2503 Lys Pro Val Gly Ile Arg Arg Leu Asp Glu Arg Pro Ile His Ala Glu 810 815 820 cct cag tat cca gtc aga tca gct gct cct cat cct ggg gac att ggg 2551 Pro Gln Tyr Pro Val Arg Ser Ala Ala Pro His Pro Gly Asp Ile Gly 825 830 835 gac ttc att aat gag gga ctt aaa gca gcc gac aac gac cct aca gcc 2599 Asp Phe Ile Asn Glu Gly Leu Lys Ala Ala Asp Asn Asp Pro Thr Ala 840 845 850 855 ccg cca tac gat tcc ctc tta gtc ttt gac tat gaa gga agc ggc tcc 2647 Pro Pro Tyr Asp Ser Leu Leu Val Phe Asp Tyr Glu Gly Ser Gly Ser 860 865 870 act gct gga tcc ttg agc tct ctt aat tcc tca agt agc ggt ggt gag 2695 Thr Ala Gly Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser Gly Gly Glu 875 880 885 caa gac tat gac tac cta aat gac tgg ggc cca cgt ttc aag aaa ctt 2743 Gln Asp Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Asn Asp Trp Gly Pro Arg Phe Lys Lys Leu 890 895 900 gct gac atg tac ggt gga ggt gat gac tgaacttcaa agtgaacttt 2790 Ala Asp Met Tyr Gly Gly Gly Asp Asp 905 910 gtttctggac aagtacaaac atttcaactg atat 2824 4 2768 DNA Mus musculus 4 ccggcctaac ccggccctgc ccgaccgcac ccgagctcag tgtttgctcg gcgtctgccg 60 ggtccgccat gggagcccgg tgccgcagct tttccgcgct cctgctcctg ctgcaggtct 120 cctcatggct ttgccaggag ctggagcctg agtcctgcag tcccggcttc agttccgagg 180 tctacacctt cccggtgccg gagaggcacc tggagagagg ccatgtcctg ggcagagtga 240 gatttgaagg atgcaccggc cggccaagga cagccttctt ttcggaagac tcccgattca 300 aagtggcgac agacggcacc atcacagtga agcggcatct aaagctccac aagctggaga 360 ccagtttcct cgtccgcgcc cgggactcca gtcataggga gctgtctacc aaagtgacgc 420 tgaagtccat ggggcaccac catcaccggc accaccaccg cgaccctgcc tctgaatcca 480 acccagagct gctcatgttt cccagcgtgt acccaggtct cagaagacag aaacgagact 540 gggtcatccc tcccatcagc tgccccgaaa atgaaaaggg tgaattccca aagaacctgg 600 ttcagatcaa atccaacagg gacaaagaaa caaaggtttt ctacagcatc accggccaag 660 gagctgacaa accccccgtt ggcgttttca tcattgagag ggagacaggc tggctgaaag 720 tgacacagcc tctggataga gaagccattg ccaagtacat cctctattct catgccgtgt 780 catcaaatgg ggaagcggtg gaggatccca tggagatagt gatcacagtg acagatcaga 840 atgacaacag gccagagttt acccaggagg tgtttgaggg atccgttgca gaaggcgctg 900 ttccaggaac ctccgtgatg aaggtctcag ccaccgatgc agacgatgac gtcaacacct 960 acaacgctgc catcgcctac accatcgtca gccaggatcc tgagctgcct cacaaaaaca 1020 tgttcactgt caatagggac accggggtca tcagtgtgct cacctctggg ctggaccgag 1080 agagttaccc tacatacact ctggtggttc aggctgctga ccttcaaggc gaaggcttga 1140 gcacaacagc caaggctgtg atcactgtca aggatattaa tgacaacgct cctgtcttca 1200 acccgagcac gtatcagggt caagtgcctg agaatgaggt caatgcccgg atcgccacac 1260 tcaaagtgac cgatgatgat gcccccaaca ctccggcgtg gaaagctgtg tacaccgtag 1320 tcaacgatcc tgaccagcag ttcgttgtcg tcacagaccc cacgaccaat gatggcattt 1380 tgaaaacagc caagggcttg gattttgagg ccaagcagca atacatcctt catgtgagag 1440 tggagaacga ggaacccttt gaggggtctc ttgtcccttc cacagccact gtcactgtgg 1500 acgtggtaga cgtgaatgaa gcccccatct ttatgcctgc ggagaggaga gtcgaagtgc 1560 ccgaagactt tggtgtgggt caggaaatca catcttatac cgctcgagag ccggacacgt 1620 tcatggatca gaagatcacg tatcggattt ggagggacac tgccaactgg ctggagatta 1680 acccagagac tggtgccatt ttcacgcgcg ctgagatgga cagagaagac gctgagcatg 1740 tgaagaacag cacatatgta gctctcatca tcgccacaga tgatggttca cccattgcca 1800 ctggcacggg cactcttctc ctggtcctgt tagacgtcaa tgacaacgct cccatcccag 1860 aacctcgaaa catgcagttc tgccagagga acccacagcc tcatatcatc accatcttgg 1920 atccagacct tccccccaac acgtccccct ttactgctga gctaacccat ggggccagcg 1980 tcaactggac cattgagtat aatgacgcag ctcaagaatc tctcattttg caaccaagaa 2040 aggacttaga gattggcgaa tacaaaatcc atctcaagct cgcggataac cagaacaaag 2100 accaggtgac cacgttggac gtccatgtgt gtgactgtga agggacggtc aacaactgca 2160 tgaaggcggg aatcgtggca gcaggattgc aagttcctgc catcctcgga atccttggag 2220 ggatcctcgc cctgctgatt ctgatcctgc tgctcctact gtttctacgg aggagaacgg 2280 tggtcaaaga gcccctgctg ccaccagatg atgatacccg ggacaatgtg tattactatg 2340 atgaagaagg aggtggagaa gaagaccagg actttgattt gagccagctg cacaggggcc 2400 tggatgcccg accggaagtg actcgaaatg atgtggctcc caccctcatg agcgtgcccc 2460 agtatcgtcc ccgtcctgcc aatcctgatg aaattggaaa cttcatcgat gaaaacctga 2520 aggcagccga cagcgacccc acggcacccc cttacgactc tctgttggtg ttcgattacg 2580 agggcagtgg ttctgaagcc gctagcctga gctcactgaa ctcctctgag tcggatcagg 2640 accaggacta cgattatctg aacgagtggg gcaaccgatt caagaagctg gcggacatgt 2700 acggcggtgg cgaggacgac taggggacta gcaagtctcc cccgtgtggc accatgggag 2760 atgcagaa 2768 5 899 PRT Mus musculus 5 Thr Ala Pro Glu Leu Ser Val Cys Ser Ala Ser Ala Gly Ser Ala Met 1 5 10 15 Gly Ala Arg Cys Arg Ser Phe Ser Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Gln Val 20 25 30 Ser Ser Trp Leu Cys Gln Glu Leu Glu Pro Glu Ser Cys Ser Pro Gly 35 40 45 Phe Ser Ser Glu Val Tyr Thr Phe Pro Val Pro Glu Arg His Leu Glu 50 55 60 Arg Gly His Val Leu Gly Arg Val Arg Phe Glu Gly Cys Thr Gly Arg 65 70 75 80 Pro Arg Thr Ala Phe Phe Ser Glu Asp Ser Arg Phe Lys Val Ala Thr 85 90 95 Asp Gly Thr Ile Thr Val Lys Arg His Leu Lys Leu His Lys Leu Glu 100 105 110 Thr Ser Phe Leu Val Arg Ala Arg Asp Ser Ser His Arg Glu Leu Ser 115 120 125 Thr Lys Val Thr Leu Lys Ser Met Gly His His His His Arg His His 130 135 140 His Arg Asp Pro Ala Ser Glu Ser Asn Pro Glu Leu Leu Met Phe Pro 145 150 155 160 Ser Val Tyr Pro Gly Leu Arg Arg Gln Lys Arg Asp Trp Val Ile Pro 165 170 175 Pro Ile Ser Cys Pro Glu Asn Glu Lys Gly Glu Phe Pro Lys Asn Leu 180 185 190 Val Gln Ile Lys Ser Asn Arg Asp Lys Glu Thr Lys Val Phe Tyr Ser 195 200 205 Ile Thr Gly Gln Gly Ala Asp Lys Pro Pro Val Gly Val Phe Ile Ile 210 215 220 Glu Arg Glu Thr Gly Trp Leu Lys Val Thr Gln Pro Leu Asp Arg Glu 225 230 235 240 Ala Ile Ala Lys Tyr Ile Leu Tyr Ser His Ala Val Ser Ser Asn Gly 245 250 255 Glu Ala Val Glu Asp Pro Met Glu Ile Val Ile Thr Val Thr Asp Gln 260 265 270 Asn Asp Asn Arg Pro Glu Phe Thr Gln Glu Val Phe Glu Gly Ser Val 275 280 285 Ala Glu Gly Ala Val Pro Gly Thr Ser Val Met Lys Val Ser Ala Thr 290 295 300 Asp Ala Asp Asp Asp Val Asn Thr Tyr Asn Ala Ala Ile Ala Tyr Thr 305 310 315 320 Ile Val Ser Gln Asp Pro Glu Leu Pro His Lys Asn Met Phe Thr Val 325 330 335 Asn Arg Asp Thr Gly Val Ile Ser Val Leu Thr Ser Gly Leu Asp Arg 340 345 350 Glu Ser Tyr Pro Thr Tyr Thr Leu Val Val Gln Ala Ala Asp Leu Gln 355 360 365 Gly Glu Gly Leu Ser Thr Thr Ala Lys Ala Val Ile Thr Val Lys Asp 370 375 380 Ile Asn Asp Asn Ala Pro Val Phe Asn Pro Ser Thr Tyr Gln Gly Gln 385 390 395 400 Val Pro Glu Asn Glu Val Asn Ala Arg Ile Ala Thr Leu Lys Val Thr 405 410 415 Asp Asp Asp Ala Pro Asn Thr Pro Ala Trp Lys Ala Val Tyr Thr Val 420 425 430 Val Asn Asp Pro Asp Gln Gln Phe Val Val Val Thr Asp Pro Thr Thr 435 440 445 Asn Asp Gly Ile Leu Lys Thr Ala Lys Gly Leu Asp Phe Glu Ala Lys 450 455 460 Gln Gln Tyr Ile Leu His Val Arg Val Glu Asn Glu Glu Pro Phe Glu 465 470 475 480 Gly Ser Leu Val Pro Ser Thr Ala Thr Val Thr Val Asp Val Val Asp 485 490 495 Val Asn Glu Ala Pro Ile Phe Met Pro Ala Glu Arg Arg Val Glu Val 500 505 510 Pro Glu Asp Phe Gly Val Gly Gln Glu Ile Thr Ser Tyr Thr Ala Arg 515 520 525 Glu Pro Asp Thr Phe Met Asp Gln Lys Ile Thr Tyr Arg Ile Trp Arg 530 535 540 Asp Thr Ala Asn Trp Leu Glu Ile Asn Pro Glu Thr Gly Ala Ile Phe 545 550 555 560 Thr Arg Ala Glu Met Asp Arg Glu Asp Ala Glu His Val Lys Asn Ser 565 570 575 Thr Tyr Val Ala Leu Ile Ile Ala Thr Asp Asp Gly Ser Pro Ile Ala 580 585 590 Thr Gly Thr Gly Thr Leu Leu Leu Val Leu Leu Asp Val Asn Asp Asn 595 600 605 Ala Pro Ile Pro Glu Pro Arg Asn Met Gln Phe Cys Gln Arg Asn Pro 610 615 620 Gln Pro His Ile Ile Thr Ile Leu Asp Pro Asp Leu Pro Pro Asn Thr 625 630 635 640 Ser Pro Phe Thr Ala Glu Leu Thr His Gly Ala Ser Val Asn Trp Thr 645 650 655 Ile Glu Tyr Asn Asp Ala Ala Gln Glu Ser Leu Ile Leu Gln Pro Arg 660 665 670 Lys Asp Leu Glu Ile Gly Glu Tyr Lys Ile His Leu Lys Leu Ala Asp 675 680 685 Asn Gln Asn Lys Asp Gln Val Thr Thr Leu Asp Val His Val Cys Asp 690 695 700 Cys Glu Gly Thr Val Asn Asn Cys Met Lys Ala Gly Ile Val Ala Ala 705 710 715 720 Gly Leu Gln Val Pro Ala Ile Leu Gly Ile Leu Gly Gly Ile Leu Ala 725 730 735 Leu Leu Ile Leu Ile Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Thr 740 745 750 Val Val Lys Glu Pro Leu Leu Pro Pro Asp Asp Asp Thr Arg Asp Asn 755 760 765 Val Tyr Tyr Tyr Asp Glu Glu Gly Gly Gly Glu Glu Asp Gln Asp Phe 770 775 780 Asp Leu Ser Gln Leu His Arg Gly Leu Asp Ala Arg Pro Glu Val Thr 785 790 795 800 Arg Asn Asp Val Ala Pro Thr Leu Met Ser Val Pro Gln Tyr Arg Pro 805 810 815 Arg Pro Ala Asn Pro Asp Glu Ile Gly Asn Phe Ile Asp Glu Asn Leu 820 825 830 Lys Ala Ala Asp Ser Asp Pro Thr Ala Pro Pro Tyr Asp Ser Leu Leu 835 840 845 Val Phe Asp Tyr Glu Gly Ser Gly Ser Glu Ala Ala Ser Leu Ser Ser 850 855 860 Leu Asn Ser Ser Glu Ser Asp Gln Asp Gln Asp Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Asn 865 870 875 880 Glu Trp Gly Asn Arg Phe Lys Lys Leu Ala Asp Met Tyr Gly Gly Gly 885 890 895 Glu Asp Asp 6 2768 DNA Mus musculus CDS (24)..(2720) 6 ccggcctaac ccggccctgc ccg acc gca ccc gag ctc agt gtt tgc tcg gcg 53 Thr Ala Pro Glu Leu Ser Val Cys Ser Ala 1 5 10 tct gcc ggg tcc gcc atg gga gcc cgg tgc cgc agc ttt tcc gcg ctc 101 Ser Ala Gly Ser Ala Met Gly Ala Arg Cys Arg Ser Phe Ser Ala Leu 15 20 25 ctg ctc ctg ctg cag gtc tcc tca tgg ctt tgc cag gag ctg gag cct 149 Leu Leu Leu Leu Gln Val Ser Ser Trp Leu Cys Gln Glu Leu Glu Pro 30 35 40 gag tcc tgc agt ccc ggc ttc agt tcc gag gtc tac acc ttc ccg gtg 197 Glu Ser Cys Ser Pro Gly Phe Ser Ser Glu Val Tyr Thr Phe Pro Val 45 50 55 ccg gag agg cac ctg gag aga ggc cat gtc ctg ggc aga gtg aga ttt 245 Pro Glu Arg His Leu Glu Arg Gly His Val Leu Gly Arg Val Arg Phe 60 65 70 gaa gga tgc acc ggc cgg cca agg aca gcc ttc ttt tcg gaa gac tcc 293 Glu Gly Cys Thr Gly Arg Pro Arg Thr Ala Phe Phe Ser Glu Asp Ser 75 80 85 90 cga ttc aaa gtg gcg aca gac ggc acc atc aca gtg aag cgg cat cta 341 Arg Phe Lys Val Ala Thr Asp Gly Thr Ile Thr Val Lys Arg His Leu 95 100 105 aag ctc cac aag ctg gag acc agt ttc ctc gtc cgc gcc cgg gac tcc 389 Lys Leu His Lys Leu Glu Thr Ser Phe Leu Val Arg Ala Arg Asp Ser 110 115 120 agt cat agg gag ctg tct acc aaa gtg acg ctg aag tcc atg ggg cac 437 Ser His Arg Glu Leu Ser Thr Lys Val Thr Leu Lys Ser Met Gly His 125 130 135 cac cat cac cgg cac cac cac cgc gac cct gcc tct gaa tcc aac cca 485 His His His Arg His His His Arg Asp Pro Ala Ser Glu Ser Asn Pro 140 145 150 gag ctg ctc atg ttt ccc agc gtg tac cca ggt ctc aga aga cag aaa 533 Glu Leu Leu Met Phe Pro Ser Val Tyr Pro Gly Leu Arg Arg Gln Lys 155 160 165 170 cga gac tgg gtc atc cct ccc atc agc tgc ccc gaa aat gaa aag ggt 581 Arg Asp Trp Val Ile Pro Pro Ile Ser Cys Pro Glu Asn Glu Lys Gly 175 180 185 gaa ttc cca aag aac ctg gtt cag atc aaa tcc aac agg gac aaa gaa 629 Glu Phe Pro Lys Asn Leu Val Gln Ile Lys Ser Asn Arg Asp Lys Glu 190 195 200 aca aag gtt ttc tac agc atc acc ggc caa gga gct gac aaa ccc ccc 677 Thr Lys Val Phe Tyr Ser Ile Thr Gly Gln Gly Ala Asp Lys Pro Pro 205 210 215 gtt ggc gtt ttc atc att gag agg gag aca ggc tgg ctg aaa gtg aca 725 Val Gly Val Phe Ile Ile Glu Arg Glu Thr Gly Trp Leu Lys Val Thr 220 225 230 cag cct ctg gat aga gaa gcc att gcc aag tac atc ctc tat tct cat 773 Gln Pro Leu Asp Arg Glu Ala Ile Ala Lys Tyr Ile Leu Tyr Ser His 235 240 245 250 gcc gtg tca tca aat ggg gaa gcg gtg gag gat ccc atg gag ata gtg 821 Ala Val Ser Ser Asn Gly Glu Ala Val Glu Asp Pro Met Glu Ile Val 255 260 265 atc aca gtg aca gat cag aat gac aac agg cca gag ttt acc cag gag 869 Ile Thr Val Thr Asp Gln Asn Asp Asn Arg Pro Glu Phe Thr Gln Glu 270 275 280 gtg ttt gag gga tcc gtt gca gaa ggc gct gtt cca gga acc tcc gtg 917 Val Phe Glu Gly Ser Val Ala Glu Gly Ala Val Pro Gly Thr Ser Val 285 290 295 atg aag gtc tca gcc acc gat gca gac gat gac gtc aac acc tac aac 965 Met Lys Val Ser Ala Thr Asp Ala Asp Asp Asp Val Asn Thr Tyr Asn 300 305 310 gct gcc atc gcc tac acc atc gtc agc cag gat cct gag ctg cct cac 1013 Ala Ala Ile Ala Tyr Thr Ile Val Ser Gln Asp Pro Glu Leu Pro His 315 320 325 330 aaa aac atg ttc act gtc aat agg gac acc ggg gtc atc agt gtg ctc 1061 Lys Asn Met Phe Thr Val Asn Arg Asp Thr Gly Val Ile Ser Val Leu 335 340 345 acc tct ggg ctg gac cga gag agt tac cct aca tac act ctg gtg gtt 1109 Thr Ser Gly Leu Asp Arg Glu Ser Tyr Pro Thr Tyr Thr Leu Val Val 350 355 360 cag gct gct gac ctt caa ggc gaa ggc ttg agc aca aca gcc aag gct 1157 Gln Ala Ala Asp Leu Gln Gly Glu Gly Leu Ser Thr Thr Ala Lys Ala 365 370 375 gtg atc act gtc aag gat att aat gac aac gct cct gtc ttc aac ccg 1205 Val Ile Thr Val Lys Asp Ile Asn Asp Asn Ala Pro Val Phe Asn Pro 380 385 390 agc acg tat cag ggt caa gtg cct gag aat gag gtc aat gcc cgg atc 1253 Ser Thr Tyr Gln Gly Gln Val Pro Glu Asn Glu Val Asn Ala Arg Ile 395 400 405 410 gcc aca ctc aaa gtg acc gat gat gat gcc ccc aac act ccg gcg tgg 1301 Ala Thr Leu Lys Val Thr Asp Asp Asp Ala Pro Asn Thr Pro Ala Trp 415 420 425 aaa gct gtg tac acc gta gtc aac gat cct gac cag cag ttc gtt gtc 1349 Lys Ala Val Tyr Thr Val Val Asn Asp Pro Asp Gln Gln Phe Val Val 430 435 440 gtc aca gac ccc acg acc aat gat ggc att ttg aaa aca gcc aag ggc 1397 Val Thr Asp Pro Thr Thr Asn Asp Gly Ile Leu Lys Thr Ala Lys Gly 445 450 455 ttg gat ttt gag gcc aag cag caa tac atc ctt cat gtg aga gtg gag 1445 Leu Asp Phe Glu Ala Lys Gln Gln Tyr Ile Leu His Val Arg Val Glu 460 465 470 aac gag gaa ccc ttt gag ggg tct ctt gtc cct tcc aca gcc act gtc 1493 Asn Glu Glu Pro Phe Glu Gly Ser Leu Val Pro Ser Thr Ala Thr Val 475 480 485 490 act gtg gac gtg gta gac gtg aat gaa gcc ccc atc ttt atg cct gcg 1541 Thr Val Asp Val Val Asp Val Asn Glu Ala Pro Ile Phe Met Pro Ala 495 500 505 gag agg aga gtc gaa gtg ccc gaa gac ttt ggt gtg ggt cag gaa atc 1589 Glu Arg Arg Val Glu Val Pro Glu Asp Phe Gly Val Gly Gln Glu Ile 510 515 520 aca tct tat acc gct cga gag ccg gac acg ttc atg gat cag aag atc 1637 Thr Ser Tyr Thr Ala Arg Glu Pro Asp Thr Phe Met Asp Gln Lys Ile 525 530 535 acg tat cgg att tgg agg gac act gcc aac tgg ctg gag att aac cca 1685 Thr Tyr Arg Ile Trp Arg Asp Thr Ala Asn Trp Leu Glu Ile Asn Pro 540 545 550 gag act ggt gcc att ttc acg cgc gct gag atg gac aga gaa gac gct 1733 Glu Thr Gly Ala Ile Phe Thr Arg Ala Glu Met Asp Arg Glu Asp Ala 555 560 565 570 gag cat gtg aag aac agc aca tat gta gct ctc atc atc gcc aca gat 1781 Glu His Val Lys Asn Ser Thr Tyr Val Ala Leu Ile Ile Ala Thr Asp 575 580 585 gat ggt tca ccc att gcc act ggc acg ggc act ctt ctc ctg gtc ctg 1829 Asp Gly Ser Pro Ile Ala Thr Gly Thr Gly Thr Leu Leu Leu Val Leu 590 595 600 tta gac gtc aat gac aac gct ccc atc cca gaa cct cga aac atg cag 1877 Leu Asp Val Asn Asp Asn Ala Pro Ile Pro Glu Pro Arg Asn Met Gln 605 610 615 ttc tgc cag agg aac cca cag cct cat atc atc acc atc ttg gat cca 1925 Phe Cys Gln Arg Asn Pro Gln Pro His Ile Ile Thr Ile Leu Asp Pro 620 625 630 gac ctt ccc ccc aac acg tcc ccc ttt act gct gag cta acc cat ggg 1973 Asp Leu Pro Pro Asn Thr Ser Pro Phe Thr Ala Glu Leu Thr His Gly 635 640 645 650 gcc agc gtc aac tgg acc att gag tat aat gac gca gct caa gaa tct 2021 Ala Ser Val Asn Trp Thr Ile Glu Tyr Asn Asp Ala Ala Gln Glu Ser 655 660 665 ctc att ttg caa cca aga aag gac tta gag att ggc gaa tac aaa atc 2069 Leu Ile Leu Gln Pro Arg Lys Asp Leu Glu Ile Gly Glu Tyr Lys Ile 670 675 680 cat ctc aag ctc gcg gat aac cag aac aaa gac cag gtg acc acg ttg 2117 His Leu Lys Leu Ala Asp Asn Gln Asn Lys Asp Gln Val Thr Thr Leu 685 690 695 gac gtc cat gtg tgt gac tgt gaa ggg acg gtc aac aac tgc atg aag 2165 Asp Val His Val Cys Asp Cys Glu Gly Thr Val Asn Asn Cys Met Lys 700 705 710 gcg gga atc gtg gca gca gga ttg caa gtt cct gcc atc ctc gga atc 2213 Ala Gly Ile Val Ala Ala Gly Leu Gln Val Pro Ala Ile Leu Gly Ile 715 720 725 730 ctt gga ggg atc ctc gcc ctg ctg att ctg atc ctg ctg ctc cta ctg 2261 Leu Gly Gly Ile Leu Ala Leu Leu Ile Leu Ile Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu 735 740 745 ttt cta cgg agg aga acg gtg gtc aaa gag ccc ctg ctg cca cca gat 2309 Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Thr Val Val Lys Glu Pro Leu Leu Pro Pro Asp 750 755 760 gat gat acc cgg gac aat gtg tat tac tat gat gaa gaa gga ggt gga 2357 Asp Asp Thr Arg Asp Asn Val Tyr Tyr Tyr Asp Glu Glu Gly Gly Gly 765 770 775 gaa gaa gac cag gac ttt gat ttg agc cag ctg cac agg ggc ctg gat 2405 Glu Glu Asp Gln Asp Phe Asp Leu Ser Gln Leu His Arg Gly Leu Asp 780 785 790 gcc cga ccg gaa gtg act cga aat gat gtg gct ccc acc ctc atg agc 2453 Ala Arg Pro Glu Val Thr Arg Asn Asp Val Ala Pro Thr Leu Met Ser 795 800 805 810 gtg ccc cag tat cgt ccc cgt cct gcc aat cct gat gaa att gga aac 2501 Val Pro Gln Tyr Arg Pro Arg Pro Ala Asn Pro Asp Glu Ile Gly Asn 815 820 825 ttc atc gat gaa aac ctg aag gca gcc gac agc gac ccc acg gca ccc 2549 Phe Ile Asp Glu Asn Leu Lys Ala Ala Asp Ser Asp Pro Thr Ala Pro 830 835 840 cct tac gac tct ctg ttg gtg ttc gat tac gag ggc agt ggt tct gaa 2597 Pro Tyr Asp Ser Leu Leu Val Phe Asp Tyr Glu Gly Ser Gly Ser Glu 845 850 855 gcc gct agc ctg agc tca ctg aac tcc tct gag tcg gat cag gac cag 2645 Ala Ala Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Asn Ser Ser Glu Ser Asp Gln Asp Gln 860 865 870 gac tac gat tat ctg aac gag tgg ggc aac cga ttc aag aag ctg gcg 2693 Asp Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Asn Glu Trp Gly Asn Arg Phe Lys Lys Leu Ala 875 880 885 890 gac atg tac ggc ggt ggc gag gac gac taggggacta gcaagtctcc 2740 Asp Met Tyr Gly Gly Gly Glu Asp Asp 895 cccgtgtggc accatgggag atgcagaa 2768 7 29 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 7 cggaattcca agcgccgtga taaggagcg 29 8 31 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 8 gctctagatc agtcatagtc ttgctcacca c 31 9 29 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 9 cggaattcca ttaatgaggg acttaaagc 29 10 29 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 10 cggaattcct tagtctttga ctatgaagg 29 11 31 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 11 gctctagatc agtcatagtc ttgctcacca c 31 12 29 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 12 cggaattcca ggagaacggt ggtcaaaga 29 13 28 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 13 gctctagact agtcgtcctc gccaccgc 28 14 29 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 14 cggaattcca tcgatgaaaa cctgaaggc 29 15 29 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 15 cggaattcct tggtgttcga ttacgaggg 29 16 31 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 16 gctctagatc aatcgtagtc ctggtcctga t 31 17 2718 DNA Gallus gallus 17 atgacggctg ttactgcagg caatgtgaac ttcagatggg accccaaaag cctggagatc 60 agaacgctgg cggtcgagag gctgctcgag cctcttgtta cacaggttac aacgttggtt 120 aacaccagta acaagggccc ctctaataaa aagcgagggc gctctaagaa ggcccatgtt 180 ttggctgcct cggttgaaca agcaacagag aatttcttgg acaaaggaga caaaattgca 240 aaggagagcc agttcctcaa agaggagctg gtagctgctg tggaagatgt tcgcaaacaa 300 ggtgacctga tgaagagtgc ctcgggggag tttgctgatg acccctgctc ctcggtgaag 360 cgtggcaaca tggtgcgagc ggcacgtgcc ctgctgtctg cagtgactcg gctgctgatt 420 ctggcggaca tggcagatgt ctacaagctg ttggttcaac tgaaggtagt tgaagaaggt 480 atcttgaaat taaggaatgc tggcaccgag caggatctgg gtatccagta caaagccctc 540 aaaccagaag tggacaaact taacataatg gcagccaaaa gacagcagga attgaaagat 600 gtgggtcacc gtgatcagat ggcggcagcc agaggaatcc tgcagaagaa tgttcctatt 660 ctctatactg catctcaggc ctgtctgcag catttcgatg tggctgcata caaagctaac 720 cgggacttga tctacaaaca gcttcagcaa gcagtcacgg gcatctcaaa cgcagctcaa 780 gcaactgcat cagatgatgc tgcccagcag cagggtggag gtggagagct ggcttatgct 840 ctgaacaatt tcgataaaca aattattgtg gatccatcga ccttcagtga gcaacgtttt 900 aggccttccc tggaagagcg cctggagagc atcattagcg gagcagccct gatggctgat 960 tcatcctgca cacgtgatga ccgacgggaa cgaatagttg cggagtgtaa tgcggtgcga 1020 caggccttgc aggatctact ttcagaatac atggggaatg ctggtcgcaa ggaaagaagt 1080 gatgcactga attctgccat tgataaaatg accaaaaaga ccagagattt gcgcagacag 1140 ctccgcaaag ctgtgatgga ccatgtatca gactcttttc tggaaacaaa tgttccactt 1200 ctagtattga tcgaagctgc caggaatggg aacgagaaag aagttaagga atatacccag 1260 gttttccgtg agcatgccaa taaattgatt gaggttgcca acttggcctg ttccatctcg 1320 aacaacgagg aaggtgtgaa attggttcgc atgtcagcca gccagcttga agccctgtgt 1380 ccccaggtca tcaacgctgc cctggccctg gctgcgaaac cacaaagcaa gctggcccag 1440 gagaacatgg agctcttcaa agagcagtgg gagaagcaag tccgcgtgct gactgatgct 1500 gtcgatgaca tcacctccat cgatgacttc ctggctgtgt cagagaacca tattttagaa 1560 gatgtaaaca aatgtgtcat tgctctccaa gaaaaagatg ttgatggttt agaccgcaca 1620 gctggtgcaa ttcgaggacg tgctgctcga gtcattcatg ttgtcacctc tgaaatggat 1680 aactacgaac ctggagtcta cactgagaag gtgctggaag cgacaaagct gctgtccaac 1740 acagttatgc cacggtttac tgagcaagta gaggctgctg tggaagcact gagttcagac 1800 cctgctcagc caatggatga aaatgaattt attgatcgtt cgcgactggt gtacgatgga 1860 atcagagata tccggaaagc tgtattgatg atcagaaccc ccgaggaatt ggatgattct 1920 gactttgaga cggaggattt cgatgtccga agcaaaacga gcattcagac agaagatgac 1980 caactcattg ctgggcagag cgcaagggct atcatggcac agctccctca agagcagaag 2040 gccaagattg ctgaagcggt agcgagcttc caggaagaaa agagcaaatt ggatgctgaa 2100 gtatcaaaat gggacgacag cggtaatgat ataattgttc tggcaaaaca aatgtgtatg 2160 attatgatgg aaatgacaga cttcaccaga ggtaaaggtc cgctgaaaaa tacatcagat 2220 gtgatcagtg cagccaagaa gattgcagag gctggctcaa ggatggacaa gctggggcgc 2280 actattgctg accactgccc cgactcggcg tcgaagcagg acctgctggc ctacctgcag 2340 cgcatcgccc tgtactgcca ccagctcaac atctgcagca aagtgaaggc cgaagtgcag 2400 aacctcggag gggagctcgt cgtgtctggg gtggacagcg ccatgtccct catccaggcg 2460 gccaagaacc tgatgaacgc cgtggtgcag acggtgaagg cgtcctacgt ggcgtccacc 2520 aagtaccaga agtcgcaggg catggcctcg ctcaacctcc ccgccgtgtc ctggaagatg 2580 aaggctccgg agaagaagcc cctggtcaag agggagaagc aggacgagac ccagaccaaa 2640 atcaagcggg cgtcccagaa gaagcacgtc aacccggtgc aggcgctcag cgagttcaag 2700 gcgatggaga gcatttag 2718 18 905 PRT Gallus gallus 18 Met Thr Ala Val Thr Ala Gly Asn Val Asn Phe Arg Trp Asp Pro Lys 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Glu Ile Arg Thr Leu Ala Val Glu Arg Leu Leu Glu Pro Leu 20 25 30 Val Thr Gln Val Thr Thr Leu Val Asn Thr Ser Asn Lys Gly Pro Ser 35 40 45 Asn Lys Lys Arg Gly Arg Ser Lys Lys Ala His Val Leu Ala Ala Ser 50 55 60 Val Glu Gln Ala Thr Glu Asn Phe Leu Asp Lys Gly Asp Lys Ile Ala 65 70 75 80 Lys Glu Ser Gln Phe Leu Lys Glu Glu Leu Val Ala Ala Val Glu Asp 85 90 95 Val Arg Lys Gln Gly Asp Leu Met Lys Ser Ala Ser Gly Glu Phe Ala 100 105 110 Asp Asp Pro Cys Ser Ser Val Lys Arg Gly Asn Met Val Arg Ala Ala 115 120 125 Arg Ala Leu Leu Ser Ala Val Thr Arg Leu Leu Ile Leu Ala Asp Met 130 135 140 Ala Asp Val Tyr Lys Leu Leu Val Gln Leu Lys Val Val Glu Glu Gly 145 150 155 160 Ile Leu Lys Leu Arg Asn Ala Gly Thr Glu Gln Asp Leu Gly Ile Gln 165 170 175 Tyr Lys Ala Leu Lys Pro Glu Val Asp Lys Leu Asn Ile Met Ala Ala 180 185 190 Lys Arg Gln Gln Glu Leu Lys Asp Val Gly His Arg Asp Gln Met Ala 195 200 205 Ala Ala Arg Gly Ile Leu Gln Lys Asn Val Pro Ile Leu Tyr Thr Ala 210 215 220 Ser Gln Ala Cys Leu Gln His Phe Asp Val Ala Ala Tyr Lys Ala Asn 225 230 235 240 Arg Asp Leu Ile Tyr Lys Gln Leu Gln Gln Ala Val Thr Gly Ile Ser 245 250 255 Asn Ala Ala Gln Ala Thr Ala Ser Asp Asp Ala Ala Gln Gln Gln Gly 260 265 270 Gly Gly Gly Glu Leu Ala Tyr Ala Leu Asn Asn Phe Asp Lys Gln Ile 275 280 285 Ile Val Asp Pro Ser Thr Phe Ser Glu Gln Arg Phe Arg Pro Ser Leu 290 295 300 Glu Glu Arg Leu Glu Ser Ile Ile Ser Gly Ala Ala Leu Met Ala Asp 305 310 315 320 Ser Ser Cys Thr Arg Asp Asp Arg Arg Glu Arg Ile Val Ala Glu Cys 325 330 335 Asn Ala Val Arg Gln Ala Leu Gln Asp Leu Leu Ser Glu Tyr Met Gly 340 345 350 Asn Ala Gly Arg Lys Glu Arg Ser Asp Ala Leu Asn Ser Ala Ile Asp 355 360 365 Lys Met Thr Lys Lys Thr Arg Asp Leu Arg Arg Gln Leu Arg Lys Ala 370 375 380 Val Met Asp His Val Ser Asp Ser Phe Leu Glu Thr Asn Val Pro Leu 385 390 395 400 Leu Val Leu Ile Glu Ala Ala Arg Asn Gly Asn Glu Lys Glu Val Lys 405 410 415 Glu Tyr Thr Gln Val Phe Arg Glu His Ala Asn Lys Leu Ile Glu Val 420 425 430 Ala Asn Leu Ala Cys Ser Ile Ser Asn Asn Glu Glu Gly Val Lys Leu 435 440 445 Val Arg Met Ser Ala Ser Gln Leu Glu Ala Leu Cys Pro Gln Val Ile 450 455 460 Asn Ala Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Lys Pro Gln Ser Lys Leu Ala Gln 465 470 475 480 Glu Asn Met Glu Leu Phe Lys Glu Gln Trp Glu Lys Gln Val Arg Val 485 490 495 Leu Thr Asp Ala Val Asp Asp Ile Thr Ser Ile Asp Asp Phe Leu Ala 500 505 510 Val Ser Glu Asn His Ile Leu Glu Asp Val Asn Lys Cys Val Ile Ala 515 520 525 Leu Gln Glu Lys Asp Val Asp Gly Leu Asp Arg Thr Ala Gly Ala Ile 530 535 540 Arg Gly Arg Ala Ala Arg Val Ile His Val Val Thr Ser Glu Met Asp 545 550 555 560 Asn Tyr Glu Pro Gly Val Tyr Thr Glu Lys Val Leu Glu Ala Thr Lys 565 570 575 Leu Leu Ser Asn Thr Val Met Pro Arg Phe Thr Glu Gln Val Glu Ala 580 585 590 Ala Val Glu Ala Leu Ser Ser Asp Pro Ala Gln Pro Met Asp Glu Asn 595 600 605 Glu Phe Ile Asp Arg Ser Arg Leu Val Tyr Asp Gly Ile Arg Asp Ile 610 615 620 Arg Lys Ala Val Leu Met Ile Arg Thr Pro Glu Glu Leu Asp Asp Ser 625 630 635 640 Asp Phe Glu Thr Glu Asp Phe Asp Val Arg Ser Lys Thr Ser Ile Gln 645 650 655 Thr Glu Asp Asp Gln Leu Ile Ala Gly Gln Ser Ala Arg Ala Ile Met 660 665 670 Ala Gln Leu Pro Gln Glu Gln Lys Ala Lys Ile Ala Glu Ala Val Ala 675 680 685 Ser Phe Gln Glu Glu Lys Ser Lys Leu Asp Ala Glu Val Ser Lys Trp 690 695 700 Asp Asp Ser Gly Asn Asp Ile Ile Val Leu Ala Lys Gln Met Cys Met 705 710 715 720 Ile Met Met Glu Met Thr Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Lys Gly Pro Leu Lys 725 730 735 Asn Thr Ser Asp Val Ile Ser Ala Ala Lys Lys Ile Ala Glu Ala Gly 740 745 750 Ser Arg Met Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg Thr Ile Ala Asp His Cys Pro Asp 755 760 765 Ser Ala Ser Lys Gln Asp Leu Leu Ala Tyr Leu Gln Arg Ile Ala Leu 770 775 780 Tyr Cys His Gln Leu Asn Ile Cys Ser Lys Val Lys Ala Glu Val Gln 785 790 795 800 Asn Leu Gly Gly Glu Leu Val Val Ser Gly Val Asp Ser Ala Met Ser 805 810 815 Leu Ile Gln Ala Ala Lys Asn Leu Met Asn Ala Val Val Gln Thr Val 820 825 830 Lys Ala Ser Tyr Val Ala Ser Thr Lys Tyr Gln Lys Ser Gln Gly Met 835 840 845 Ala Ser Leu Asn Leu Pro Ala Val Ser Trp Lys Met Lys Ala Pro Glu 850 855 860 Lys Lys Pro Leu Val Lys Arg Glu Lys Gln Asp Glu Thr Gln Thr Lys 865 870 875 880 Ile Lys Arg Ala Ser Gln Lys Lys His Val Asn Pro Val Gln Ala Leu 885 890 895 Ser Glu Phe Lys Ala Met Glu Ser Ile 900 905 19 2718 DNA Gallus gallus CDS (1)..(2715) 19 atg acg gct gtt act gca ggc aat gtg aac ttc aga tgg gac ccc aaa 48 Met Thr Ala Val Thr Ala Gly Asn Val Asn Phe Arg Trp Asp Pro Lys 1 5 10 15 agc ctg gag atc aga acg ctg gcg gtc gag agg ctg ctc gag cct ctt 96 Ser Leu Glu Ile Arg Thr Leu Ala Val Glu Arg Leu Leu Glu Pro Leu 20 25 30 gtt aca cag gtt aca acg ttg gtt aac acc agt aac aag ggc ccc tct 144 Val Thr Gln Val Thr Thr Leu Val Asn Thr Ser Asn Lys Gly Pro Ser 35 40 45 aat aaa aag cga ggg cgc tct aag aag gcc cat gtt ttg gct gcc tcg 192 Asn Lys Lys Arg Gly Arg Ser Lys Lys Ala His Val Leu Ala Ala Ser 50 55 60 gtt gaa caa gca aca gag aat ttc ttg gac aaa gga gac aaa att gca 240 Val Glu Gln Ala Thr Glu Asn Phe Leu Asp Lys Gly Asp Lys Ile Ala 65 70 75 80 aag gag agc cag ttc ctc aaa gag gag ctg gta gct gct gtg gaa gat 288 Lys Glu Ser Gln Phe Leu Lys Glu Glu Leu Val Ala Ala Val Glu Asp 85 90 95 gtt cgc aaa caa ggt gac ctg atg aag agt gcc tcg ggg gag ttt gct 336 Val Arg Lys Gln Gly Asp Leu Met Lys Ser Ala Ser Gly Glu Phe Ala 100 105 110 gat gac ccc tgc tcc tcg gtg aag cgt ggc aac atg gtg cga gcg gca 384 Asp Asp Pro Cys Ser Ser Val Lys Arg Gly Asn Met Val Arg Ala Ala 115 120 125 cgt gcc ctg ctg tct gca gtg act cgg ctg ctg att ctg gcg gac atg 432 Arg Ala Leu Leu Ser Ala Val Thr Arg Leu Leu Ile Leu Ala Asp Met 130 135 140 gca gat gtc tac aag ctg ttg gtt caa ctg aag gta gtt gaa gaa ggt 480 Ala Asp Val Tyr Lys Leu Leu Val Gln Leu Lys Val Val Glu Glu Gly 145 150 155 160 atc ttg aaa tta agg aat gct ggc acc gag cag gat ctg ggt atc cag 528 Ile Leu Lys Leu Arg Asn Ala Gly Thr Glu Gln Asp Leu Gly Ile Gln 165 170 175 tac aaa gcc ctc aaa cca gaa gtg gac aaa ctt aac ata atg gca gcc 576 Tyr Lys Ala Leu Lys Pro Glu Val Asp Lys Leu Asn Ile Met Ala Ala 180 185 190 aaa aga cag cag gaa ttg aaa gat gtg ggt cac cgt gat cag atg gcg 624 Lys Arg Gln Gln Glu Leu Lys Asp Val Gly His Arg Asp Gln Met Ala 195 200 205 gca gcc aga gga atc ctg cag aag aat gtt cct att ctc tat act gca 672 Ala Ala Arg Gly Ile Leu Gln Lys Asn Val Pro Ile Leu Tyr Thr Ala 210 215 220 tct cag gcc tgt ctg cag cat ttc gat gtg gct gca tac aaa gct aac 720 Ser Gln Ala Cys Leu Gln His Phe Asp Val Ala Ala Tyr Lys Ala Asn 225 230 235 240 cgg gac ttg atc tac aaa cag ctt cag caa gca gtc acg ggc atc tca 768 Arg Asp Leu Ile Tyr Lys Gln Leu Gln Gln Ala Val Thr Gly Ile Ser 245 250 255 aac gca gct caa gca act gca tca gat gat gct gcc cag cag cag ggt 816 Asn Ala Ala Gln Ala Thr Ala Ser Asp Asp Ala Ala Gln Gln Gln Gly 260 265 270 gga ggt gga gag ctg gct tat gct ctg aac aat ttc gat aaa caa att 864 Gly Gly Gly Glu Leu Ala Tyr Ala Leu Asn Asn Phe Asp Lys Gln Ile 275 280 285 att gtg gat cca tcg acc ttc agt gag caa cgt ttt agg cct tcc ctg 912 Ile Val Asp Pro Ser Thr Phe Ser Glu Gln Arg Phe Arg Pro Ser Leu 290 295 300 gaa gag cgc ctg gag agc atc att agc gga gca gcc ctg atg gct gat 960 Glu Glu Arg Leu Glu Ser Ile Ile Ser Gly Ala Ala Leu Met Ala Asp 305 310 315 320 tca tcc tgc aca cgt gat gac cga cgg gaa cga ata gtt gcg gag tgt 1008 Ser Ser Cys Thr Arg Asp Asp Arg Arg Glu Arg Ile Val Ala Glu Cys 325 330 335 aat gcg gtg cga cag gcc ttg cag gat cta ctt tca gaa tac atg ggg 1056 Asn Ala Val Arg Gln Ala Leu Gln Asp Leu Leu Ser Glu Tyr Met Gly 340 345 350 aat gct ggt cgc aag gaa aga agt gat gca ctg aat tct gcc att gat 1104 Asn Ala Gly Arg Lys Glu Arg Ser Asp Ala Leu Asn Ser Ala Ile Asp 355 360 365 aaa atg acc aaa aag acc aga gat ttg cgc aga cag ctc cgc aaa gct 1152 Lys Met Thr Lys Lys Thr Arg Asp Leu Arg Arg Gln Leu Arg Lys Ala 370 375 380 gtg atg gac cat gta tca gac tct ttt ctg gaa aca aat gtt cca ctt 1200 Val Met Asp His Val Ser Asp Ser Phe Leu Glu Thr Asn Val Pro Leu 385 390 395 400 cta gta ttg atc gaa gct gcc agg aat ggg aac gag aaa gaa gtt aag 1248 Leu Val Leu Ile Glu Ala Ala Arg Asn Gly Asn Glu Lys Glu Val Lys 405 410 415 gaa tat acc cag gtt ttc cgt gag cat gcc aat aaa ttg att gag gtt 1296 Glu Tyr Thr Gln Val Phe Arg Glu His Ala Asn Lys Leu Ile Glu Val 420 425 430 gcc aac ttg gcc tgt tcc atc tcg aac aac gag gaa ggt gtg aaa ttg 1344 Ala Asn Leu Ala Cys Ser Ile Ser Asn Asn Glu Glu Gly Val Lys Leu 435 440 445 gtt cgc atg tca gcc agc cag ctt gaa gcc ctg tgt ccc cag gtc atc 1392 Val Arg Met Ser Ala Ser Gln Leu Glu Ala Leu Cys Pro Gln Val Ile 450 455 460 aac gct gcc ctg gcc ctg gct gcg aaa cca caa agc aag ctg gcc cag 1440 Asn Ala Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Lys Pro Gln Ser Lys Leu Ala Gln 465 470 475 480 gag aac atg gag ctc ttc aaa gag cag tgg gag aag caa gtc cgc gtg 1488 Glu Asn Met Glu Leu Phe Lys Glu Gln Trp Glu Lys Gln Val Arg Val 485 490 495 ctg act gat gct gtc gat gac atc acc tcc atc gat gac ttc ctg gct 1536 Leu Thr Asp Ala Val Asp Asp Ile Thr Ser Ile Asp Asp Phe Leu Ala 500 505 510 gtg tca gag aac cat att tta gaa gat gta aac aaa tgt gtc att gct 1584 Val Ser Glu Asn His Ile Leu Glu Asp Val Asn Lys Cys Val Ile Ala 515 520 525 ctc caa gaa aaa gat gtt gat ggt tta gac cgc aca gct ggt gca att 1632 Leu Gln Glu Lys Asp Val Asp Gly Leu Asp Arg Thr Ala Gly Ala Ile 530 535 540 cga gga cgt gct gct cga gtc att cat gtt gtc acc tct gaa atg gat 1680 Arg Gly Arg Ala Ala Arg Val Ile His Val Val Thr Ser Glu Met Asp 545 550 555 560 aac tac gaa cct gga gtc tac act gag aag gtg ctg gaa gcg aca aag 1728 Asn Tyr Glu Pro Gly Val Tyr Thr Glu Lys Val Leu Glu Ala Thr Lys 565 570 575 ctg ctg tcc aac aca gtt atg cca cgg ttt act gag caa gta gag gct 1776 Leu Leu Ser Asn Thr Val Met Pro Arg Phe Thr Glu Gln Val Glu Ala 580 585 590 gct gtg gaa gca ctg agt tca gac cct gct cag cca atg gat gaa aat 1824 Ala Val Glu Ala Leu Ser Ser Asp Pro Ala Gln Pro Met Asp Glu Asn 595 600 605 gaa ttt att gat cgt tcg cga ctg gtg tac gat gga atc aga gat atc 1872 Glu Phe Ile Asp Arg Ser Arg Leu Val Tyr Asp Gly Ile Arg Asp Ile 610 615 620 cgg aaa gct gta ttg atg atc aga acc ccc gag gaa ttg gat gat tct 1920 Arg Lys Ala Val Leu Met Ile Arg Thr Pro Glu Glu Leu Asp Asp Ser 625 630 635 640 gac ttt gag acg gag gat ttc gat gtc cga agc aaa acg agc att cag 1968 Asp Phe Glu Thr Glu Asp Phe Asp Val Arg Ser Lys Thr Ser Ile Gln 645 650 655 aca gaa gat gac caa ctc att gct ggg cag agc gca agg gct atc atg 2016 Thr Glu Asp Asp Gln Leu Ile Ala Gly Gln Ser Ala Arg Ala Ile Met 660 665 670 gca cag ctc cct caa gag cag aag gcc aag att gct gaa gcg gta gcg 2064 Ala Gln Leu Pro Gln Glu Gln Lys Ala Lys Ile Ala Glu Ala Val Ala 675 680 685 agc ttc cag gaa gaa aag agc aaa ttg gat gct gaa gta tca aaa tgg 2112 Ser Phe Gln Glu Glu Lys Ser Lys Leu Asp Ala Glu Val Ser Lys Trp 690 695 700 gac gac agc ggt aat gat ata att gtt ctg gca aaa caa atg tgt atg 2160 Asp Asp Ser Gly Asn Asp Ile Ile Val Leu Ala Lys Gln Met Cys Met 705 710 715 720 att atg atg gaa atg aca gac ttc acc aga ggt aaa ggt ccg ctg aaa 2208 Ile Met Met Glu Met Thr Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Lys Gly Pro Leu Lys 725 730 735 aat aca tca gat gtg atc agt gca gcc aag aag att gca gag gct ggc 2256 Asn Thr Ser Asp Val Ile Ser Ala Ala Lys Lys Ile Ala Glu Ala Gly 740 745 750 tca agg atg gac aag ctg ggg cgc act att gct gac cac tgc ccc gac 2304 Ser Arg Met Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg Thr Ile Ala Asp His Cys Pro Asp 755 760 765 tcg gcg tcg aag cag gac ctg ctg gcc tac ctg cag cgc atc gcc ctg 2352 Ser Ala Ser Lys Gln Asp Leu Leu Ala Tyr Leu Gln Arg Ile Ala Leu 770 775 780 tac tgc cac cag ctc aac atc tgc agc aaa gtg aag gcc gaa gtg cag 2400 Tyr Cys His Gln Leu Asn Ile Cys Ser Lys Val Lys Ala Glu Val Gln 785 790 795 800 aac ctc gga ggg gag ctc gtc gtg tct ggg gtg gac agc gcc atg tcc 2448 Asn Leu Gly Gly Glu Leu Val Val Ser Gly Val Asp Ser Ala Met Ser 805 810 815 ctc atc cag gcg gcc aag aac ctg atg aac gcc gtg gtg cag acg gtg 2496 Leu Ile Gln Ala Ala Lys Asn Leu Met Asn Ala Val Val Gln Thr Val 820 825 830 aag gcg tcc tac gtg gcg tcc acc aag tac cag aag tcg cag ggc atg 2544 Lys Ala Ser Tyr Val Ala Ser Thr Lys Tyr Gln Lys Ser Gln Gly Met 835 840 845 gcc tcg ctc aac ctc ccc gcc gtg tcc tgg aag atg aag gct ccg gag 2592 Ala Ser Leu Asn Leu Pro Ala Val Ser Trp Lys Met Lys Ala Pro Glu 850 855 860 aag aag ccc ctg gtc aag agg gag aag cag gac gag acc cag acc aaa 2640 Lys Lys Pro Leu Val Lys Arg Glu Lys Gln Asp Glu Thr Gln Thr Lys 865 870 875 880 atc aag cgg gcg tcc cag aag aag cac gtc aac ccg gtg cag gcg ctc 2688 Ile Lys Arg Ala Ser Gln Lys Lys His Val Asn Pro Val Gln Ala Leu 885 890 895 agc gag ttc aag gcg atg gag agc att tag 2718 Ser Glu Phe Lys Ala Met Glu Ser Ile 900 905 20 31 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 20 accttctaga atggctactc aagctgacct g 31 21 20 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 21 atgagcagcg tcaaactgcg 20 22 34 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 22 accttctaga ttgaaacatg cagttgtcaa tttg 34 23 29 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 23 acctggatcc agctccagta cacccttcg 29 24 18 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 24 aactgctcct cttactga 18 25 28 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 25 tatcccgggt caagtcagtg tcaaacca 28 26 32 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 26 accttctaga atggaggtga tgaacctgat gg 32 27 22 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 27 agctgagcat gcggaccaga gc 22 28 29 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 28 accttctaga ctcaagtcgg ccattgtgc 29 29 29 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 29 acctggatcc tgctccggtg cagccctcc 29 30 19 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 30 aggccgcccg ggcagcatg 19 31 21 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 31 cgcatggaga tcttccggct c 21 32 30 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 32 accttctaga atgacggctg ttactgcagg 30 33 20 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 33 gccttcttag agcgccctcg 20 34 30 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 34 accttctaga atgacggctg ttactgcagg 30 35 29 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 35 tgccagcgga gcaggggtca tcagcaaac 29 36 28 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 36 ctgctccgct ggcaccgagc aggatctg 28 37 20 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 37 acgttgctca ctgaaggtcg 20 38 30 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 38 accttctaga atgacggctg ttactgcagg 30 39 20 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 39 acgttgctca ctgaaggtcg 20 40 31 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 40 accttctaga atgaagctac tgtcttctat c 31 41 31 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 41 acctgagctc cgatacagtc aactgtcttt g 31 42 33 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 42 acctggatcc tacgatacag tcaactgtct ttg 33 43 36 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 43 ggaagactct cctccggatc cggaagactc tcctcc 36 44 44 DNA Artificial sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 44 gatcggagga gagtcttccg gatccggagg agagtcttcc agct 44 45 2853 DNA Homo sapiens 45 accctggccg ctgttggtgc tgccgctgcc tcctcctcct ccgccgccgc cgccgccgcc 60 gccgcctcct ccggctcttc gctcggcccc tctccgcctc catgtgccgg atagcgggag 120 cgctgcggac cctgctgccg ctgctgctgg ccctgcttca ggcgtctgta gaggcttctg 180 gtgaaatcgc attatgcaag actggatttc ctgaagatgt ttacagtgca gtcttatcga 240 aggatgtgca tgaaggacag cctcttctca atgtgaagtt tagcaactgc aatggaaaaa 300 gaaaagtaca atatgagagc agtgagcctg cagattttaa ggtggatgaa gatggcatgg 360 tgtatgccgt gagaagcttt ccactctctt ctgagcatgc caagttcctg atatatgccc 420 aagacaaaga gacccaggaa aagtggcaag tggcagtaaa attgagcctg aagccaacct 480 taactgagga gtcagtgaag gagtcagcag aagttgaaga aatagtgttc ccaagacaat 540 tcagtaagca cagtggccac ctacaaaggc agaagagaga ctgggtcatc cctccaatca 600 acttgccaga aaactccagg ggaccttttc ctcaagagct tgtcaggatc aggtctgata 660 gagataaaaa cctttcactg cggtacactg taactgggcc aggagctgac cagcctccaa 720 ctggtatctt cattatcaac cccatctcgg gtcagctgtc ggtgacaaag cccctggatc 780 gcgagcagat agcccggttt catttgaggg cacatgcagt agatattaat ggaaatcaag 840 tggagaaccc cattgacatt gtcatcaatg ttattgacat gaatgacaac agacctgagt 900 tcttacacca ggtttggaat gggacagttc ctgagggatc aaagcctgga acatatgtga 960 tgaccgtaac agcaattgat gctgacgatc ccaatgccct caatgggatg ttgaggtaca 1020 gaatcgtgtc tcaggctcca agcacccctt cacccaacat gtttacaatc aacaatgaga 1080 ctggtgacat catcacagtg gcagctggac ttgatcgaga aaaagtgcaa cagtatacgt 1140 taataattca agctacagac atggaaggaa tccccacata tggcctttca aacacagcca 1200 cggccgtcat cacagtgaca gatgtcaatg acaatcctcc agagtttact gccatgacgt 1260 tttatggtga agttcctgag aacagggtag acatcatagt agctaatcta actgtgaccg 1320 ataaggatca accccataca ccagcctgga acgcagtgta cagaatcagt ggcggagatc 1380 ctactggacg gttcgccatc cagaccgacc caaacagcaa cgacgggtta gtcaccgtgg 1440 tcaaaccaat cgactttgaa acaaatagga tgtttgtcct tactgttgct gcagaaaatc 1500 aagtgccatt agccaaggga attcagcacc cgcctcagtc aactgcaacc gtgtctgtta 1560 cagttattga cgtaaatgaa aacccttatt ttgcccccaa tcctaagatc attcgccaag 1620 aagaagggct tcatgccggt accatgttga caacattcac tgctcaggac ccagatcgat 1680 atatgcagca aaatattaga tacactaaat tatctgatcc tgccaattgg ctaaaaatag 1740 atcctgtgaa tggacaaata actacaattg ctgttttgga ccgagaatca ccaaatgtga 1800 aaaacaatat atataatgct actttccttg cttctgacaa tggaattcct cctatgagtg 1860 gaacaggaac gctgcagatc tatttacttg atattaatga caatgcccct caagtgttac 1920 ctcaagaggc agagacttgc gaaactccag accccaattc aattaatatt acagcacttg 1980 attatgacat tgatccaaat gctggaccat ttgcttttga tcttccttta tctccagtga 2040 ctattaagag aaattggacc atcactcggc ttaatggtga ttttgctcag cttaatttaa 2100 agataaaatt tcttgaagct ggtatctatg aagttcccat cataatcaca gattcgggta 2160 atcctcccaa atcaaatatt tccatcctgc gcgtgaaggt ttgccagtgt gactccaacg 2220 gggactgcac agatgtggac aggattgtgg gtgcggggct tggcaccggt gccatcattg 2280 ccatcctgct ctgcatcatc atcctgctta tccttgtgct gatgtttgtg gtatggatga 2340 aacgccggga taaagaacgc caggccaaac aacttttaat tgatccagaa gatgatgtaa 2400 gagataatat tttaaaatat gatgaagaag gtggaggaga agaagaccag gactatgact 2460 tgagccagct gcagcagcct gacactgtgg agcctgatgc catcaagcct gtgggaatcc 2520 gacgaatgga tgaaagaccc atccacgctg agccccagta tccggtccga tctgcagccc 2580 cacaccctgg agacattggg gacttcatta atgagggcct taaagcggct gacaatgacc 2640 ccacagctcc accatatgac tccctgttag tgtttgacta tgaaggcagt ggctccactg 2700 ctgggtcctt gagctccctt aattcctcaa gtagtggtgg tgagcaggac tatgattacc 2760 tgaacgactg ggggccacgg ttcaagaaac ttgctgacat gtatggtgga ggtgatgact 2820 gaacttcagg gtgaacttgg tttttggaca agt 2853 46 906 PRT Homo sapiens 46 Met Cys Arg Ile Ala Gly Ala Leu Arg Thr Leu Leu Pro Leu Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Ala Leu Leu Gln Ala Ser Val Glu Ala Ser Gly Glu Ile Ala Leu Cys 20 25 30 Lys Thr Gly Phe Pro Glu Asp Val Tyr Ser Ala Val Leu Ser Lys Asp 35 40 45 Val His Glu Gly Gln Pro Leu Leu Asn Val Lys Phe Ser Asn Cys Asn 50 55 60 Gly Lys Arg Lys Val Gln Tyr Glu Ser Ser Glu Pro Ala Asp Phe Lys 65 70 75 80 Val Asp Glu Asp Gly Met Val Tyr Ala Val Arg Ser Phe Pro Leu Ser 85 90 95 Ser Glu His Ala Lys Phe Leu Ile Tyr Ala Gln Asp Lys Glu Thr Gln 100 105 110 Glu Lys Trp Gln Val Ala Val Lys Leu Ser Leu Lys Pro Thr Leu Thr 115 120 125 Glu Glu Ser Val Lys Glu Ser Ala Glu Val Glu Glu Ile Val Phe Pro 130 135 140 Arg Gln Phe Ser Lys His Ser Gly His Leu Gln Arg Gln Lys Arg Asp 145 150 155 160 Trp Val Ile Pro Pro Ile Asn Leu Pro Glu Asn Ser Arg Gly Pro Phe 165 170 175 Pro Gln Glu Leu Val Arg Ile Arg Ser Asp Arg Asp Lys Asn Leu Ser 180 185 190 Leu Arg Tyr Thr Val Thr Gly Pro Gly Ala Asp Gln Pro Pro Thr Gly 195 200 205 Ile Phe Ile Ile Asn Pro Ile Ser Gly Gln Leu Ser Val Thr Lys Pro 210 215 220 Leu Asp Arg Glu Gln Ile Ala Arg Phe His Leu Arg Ala His Ala Val 225 230 235 240 Asp Ile Asn Gly Asn Gln Val Glu Asn Pro Ile Asp Ile Val Ile Asn 245 250 255 Val Ile Asp Met Asn Asp Asn Arg Pro Glu Phe Leu His Gln Val Trp 260 265 270 Asn Gly Thr Val Pro Glu Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly Thr Tyr Val Met Thr 275 280 285 Val Thr Ala Ile Asp Ala Asp Asp Pro Asn Ala Leu Asn Gly Met Leu 290 295 300 Arg Tyr Arg Ile Val Ser Gln Ala Pro Ser Thr Pro Ser Pro Asn Met 305 310 315 320 Phe Thr Ile Asn Asn Glu Thr Gly Asp Ile Ile Thr Val Ala Ala Gly 325 330 335 Leu Asp Arg Glu Lys Val Gln Gln Tyr Thr Leu Ile Ile Gln Ala Thr 340 345 350 Asp Met Glu Gly Ile Pro Thr Tyr Gly Leu Ser Asn Thr Ala Thr Ala 355 360 365 Val Ile Thr Val Thr Asp Val Asn Asp Asn Pro Pro Glu Phe Thr Ala 370 375 380 Met Thr Phe Tyr Gly Glu Val Pro Glu Asn Arg Val Asp Ile Ile Val 385 390 395 400 Ala Asn Leu Thr Val Thr Asp Lys Asp Gln Pro His Thr Pro Ala Trp 405 410 415 Asn Ala Val Tyr Arg Ile Ser Gly Gly Asp Pro Thr Gly Arg Phe Ala 420 425 430 Ile Gln Thr Asp Pro Asn Ser Asn Asp Gly Leu Val Thr Val Val Lys 435 440 445 Pro Ile Asp Phe Glu Thr Asn Arg Met Phe Val Leu Thr Val Ala Ala 450 455 460 Glu Asn Gln Val Pro Leu Ala Lys Gly Ile Gln His Pro Pro Gln Ser 465 470 475 480 Thr Ala Thr Val Ser Val Thr Val Ile Asp Val Asn Glu Asn Pro Tyr 485 490 495 Phe Ala Pro Asn Pro Lys Ile Ile Arg Gln Glu Glu Gly Leu His Ala 500 505 510 Gly Thr Met Leu Thr Thr Phe Thr Ala Gln Asp Pro Asp Arg Tyr Met 515 520 525 Gln Gln Asn Ile Arg Tyr Thr Lys Leu Ser Asp Pro Ala Asn Trp Leu 530 535 540 Lys Ile Asp Pro Val Asn Gly Gln Ile Thr Thr Ile Ala Val Leu Asp 545 550 555 560 Arg Glu Ser Pro Asn Val Lys Asn Asn Ile Tyr Asn Ala Thr Phe Leu 565 570 575 Ala Ser Asp Asn Gly Ile Pro Pro Met Ser Gly Thr Gly Thr Leu Gln 580 585 590 Ile Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Asn Asp Asn Ala Pro Gln Val Leu Pro Gln 595 600 605 Glu Ala Glu Thr Cys Glu Thr Pro Asp Pro Asn Ser Ile Asn Ile Thr 610 615 620 Ala Leu Asp Tyr Asp Ile Asp Pro Asn Ala Gly Pro Phe Ala Phe Asp 625 630 635 640 Leu Pro Leu Ser Pro Val Thr Ile Lys Arg Asn Trp Thr Ile Thr Arg 645 650 655 Leu Asn Gly Asp Phe Ala Gln Leu Asn Leu Lys Ile Lys Phe Leu Glu 660 665 670 Ala Gly Ile Tyr Glu Val Pro Ile Ile Ile Thr Asp Ser Gly Asn Pro 675 680 685 Pro Lys Ser Asn Ile Ser Ile Leu Arg Val Lys Val Cys Gln Cys Asp 690 695 700 Ser Asn Gly Asp Cys Thr Asp Val Asp Arg Ile Val Gly Ala Gly Leu 705 710 715 720 Gly Thr Gly Ala Ile Ile Ala Ile Leu Leu Cys Ile Ile Ile Leu Leu 725 730 735 Ile Leu Val Leu Met Phe Val Val Trp Met Lys Arg Arg Asp Lys Glu 740 745 750 Arg Gln Ala Lys Gln Leu Leu Ile Asp Pro Glu Asp Asp Val Arg Asp 755 760 765 Asn Ile Leu Lys Tyr Asp Glu Glu Gly Gly Gly Glu Glu Asp Gln Asp 770 775 780 Tyr Asp Leu Ser Gln Leu Gln Gln Pro Asp Thr Val Glu Pro Asp Ala 785 790 795 800 Ile Lys Pro Val Gly Ile Arg Arg Met Asp Glu Arg Pro Ile His Ala 805 810 815 Glu Pro Gln Tyr Pro Val Arg Ser Ala Ala Pro His Pro Gly Asp Ile 820 825 830 Gly Asp Phe Ile Asn Glu Gly Leu Lys Ala Ala Asp Asn Asp Pro Thr 835 840 845 Ala Pro Pro Tyr Asp Ser Leu Leu Val Phe Asp Tyr Glu Gly Ser Gly 850 855 860 Ser Thr Ala Gly Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser Gly Gly 865 870 875 880 Glu Gln Asp Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Asn Asp Trp Gly Pro Arg Phe Lys Lys 885 890 895 Leu Ala Asp Met Tyr Gly Gly Gly Asp Asp 900 905 47 2808 DNA Homo sapiens 47 ggaaagcacc tgtgagcttg gcaagtcagt tcagagctcc agcccgctcc agcccggccc 60 gacccgaccg cacccggcgc ctgcctcgct cgggctcccc ggccagccat gggcccttgg 120 agccgcagcc tctcgggcct gctgctgctg ctgaggtctc ctcttggctc tcaggagcgg 180 agccctcctc cctgtttgac gcgagagcta cacgttcacg gtgccccggc gccacctgag 240 aagaggccgc gtctgggcag agtgaatttt gaagattgca ccggtcgaca aaggacagct 300 attttcctga caccgattcc gaaagtgggc acagatggtg tgattacagt caaaaggcct 360 ctacggtttc ataacccaac agatccattt cttggtctac gctgggactc cacctacaga 420 aagttttcca ccaaagtcac gctgaataca gtggggcacc accaccgccc cccgccccat 480 caggcctccg tttctggaat ccaagcagaa ttgctcacat ttcccaactc ctctcctggc 540 ctcagaagac agaagagaga ctgggttatt cctcccatca gctgcccaga aaatgaaaaa 600 ggcccatttc ctaaaaacct ggttcagatc aaatccaaca aagacaaaga aggcaaggtt 660 ttctacagca tcactggcca aggagctgac acaccccctg ttggtgtctt tattattgaa 720 agagaaacag gatggctgaa ggtgacagag cctctggata gagaacgcat tgccacatac 780 actctcttct ctcacgctgt gtcatccaac gggaatgcag ttgaggatcc aatggagatt 840 ttgatcacgg taaccgatca gaatgacaac aagcccgaat tcacccagga ggtctttaag 900 gggtctgtca tggaaggtgc tcttccagga acctctgtga tggaggtcac agccacagac 960 gcggacgatg atgtgaacac ctacaatgcc gccatcgctt acaccatcct cagccaagat 1020 cctgagctcc ctgacaaaaa tatgttcacc attaacagga acacaggagt catcagtgtg 1080 gtcaccactg ggctggaccg agagagtttc cctacgtata ccctggtggt tcaagctgct 1140 gaccttcaag gtgaggggtt aagcacaaca gcaacagctg tgatcacagt cactgacacc 1200 aacgataatc ctccgatctt caatcccacc acgtacaagg gtcaggtgcc tgagaacgag 1260 gctaacgtcg taatcaccac actgaaagtg actgatgctg atgcccccaa taccccagcg 1320 tgggaggctg tatacaccat attgaatgat gatggtggac aatttgtcgt caccacaaat 1380 ccagtgaaca acgatggcat tttgaaaaca gcaaagggct tggattttga ggccaagcag 1440 cagtacattc tacacgtagc agtgacgaat gtggtacctt ttgaggtctc tctcaccacc 1500 tccacagcca ccgtcaccgt ggatgtgctg gatgtgaatg aaggccccat ctttgtgcct 1560 cctgaaaaga gagtggaagt gtccgaggac tttggcgtgg gccaggaaat cacatcctac 1620 actgcccagg agccagacac atttatggaa cagaaaataa catatcggat ttggagagac 1680 actcgcaact ggctggagat taatccggac actggtgcca tttccactcg ggctgagctg 1740 gacagggagg attttgagca cgtgaagaac agcacgtaca cagccctaat catagctaca 1800 gacaatggtt ctccagttgc tactggaaca gggacacttc tgctgatcct gtctgatgtg 1860 aatgacaacg cccccatacc agaacctcga actatattct tctgtgagag gaatccaaag 1920 cctcaggtca taaacattca tgatgcagac cttcctccca atacatctcc cttcacagca 1980 gaactaacac acgggcgagt gcccaactgg accattcagt acaacgaccc aacccaagaa 2040 tctatcattt tgaagccaaa gatggcctta gaggtgggtg actacaaaat caatctcaag 2100 ctcatggata accagaataa agaccaagtg accaccttag aggtcagcgt gtgtgactgt 2160 gaaggggccg ccggcgtctg taggaaggca cagcctgtcg aagcaggatt gcaaattcct 2220 gccattctgg ggattcttgg aggaattctt gctttgctaa ttctgattct gctgctcttg 2280 ctgtttcttc ggaggagagc ggtggtcaaa gagcccttac tgcccccaga ggatgacacc 2340 cgggacaacg tttattacta tgatgaagaa ggaggcggag aagaggacca ggactttgac 2400 ttgagccagc tgcacagggg cctggacgct cggcctgaag tgactcgtaa cgacgttgca 2460 ccaaccctca tgagtgtccc ccggtatctt ccccgccctg ccaatcccga tgaaattgga 2520 aattttattg atgaaaatct gaaagcggct gatactgacc ccacagcccc gccttatgat 2580 tctctgctcg tgtttgacta tgaaggaagc ggttccgaag ctgctagtct gagctccctg 2640 aactcctcag agtcagacaa agaccaggac tatgactact tgaacgaatg gggcaatccg 2700 ttcaagaagc tggctgacat gtacggaggc ggcgaggacc actaggggac tcgagagagg 2760 cggcccagac catgtgcaga aatgcagaaa tcagcgttct ggtgtttt 2808 48 878 PRT Homo sapiens 48 Met Gly Pro Trp Ser Arg Ser Leu Ser Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Arg 1 5 10 15 Ser Pro Leu Gly Ser Gln Glu Arg Ser Pro Pro Pro Cys Leu Thr Arg 20 25 30 Glu Leu His Val His Gly Ala Pro Ala Pro Pro Glu Lys Arg Pro Arg 35 40 45 Leu Gly Arg Val Asn Phe Glu Asp Cys Thr Gly Arg Gln Arg Thr Ala 50 55 60 Ile Phe Leu Thr Pro Ile Pro Lys Val Gly Thr Asp Gly Val Ile Thr 65 70 75 80 Val Lys Arg Pro Leu Arg Phe His Asn Pro Thr Asp Pro Phe Leu Gly 85 90 95 Leu Arg Trp Asp Ser Thr Tyr Arg Lys Phe Ser Thr Lys Val Thr Leu 100 105 110 Asn Thr Val Gly His His His Arg Pro Pro Pro His Gln Ala Ser Val 115 120 125 Ser Gly Ile Gln Ala Glu Leu Leu Thr Phe Pro Asn Ser Ser Pro Gly 130 135 140 Leu Arg Arg Gln Lys Arg Asp Trp Val Ile Pro Pro Ile Ser Cys Pro 145 150 155 160 Glu Asn Glu Lys Gly Pro Phe Pro Lys Asn Leu Val Gln Ile Lys Ser 165 170 175 Asn Lys Asp Lys Glu Gly Lys Val Phe Tyr Ser Ile Thr Gly Gln Gly 180 185 190 Ala Asp Thr Pro Pro Val Gly Val Phe Ile Ile Glu Arg Glu Thr Gly 195 200 205 Trp Leu Lys Val Thr Glu Pro Leu Asp Arg Glu Arg Ile Ala Thr Tyr 210 215 220 Thr Leu Phe Ser His Ala Val Ser Ser Asn Gly Asn Ala Val Glu Asp 225 230 235 240 Pro Met Glu Ile Leu Ile Thr Val Thr Asp Gln Asn Asp Asn Lys Pro 245 250 255 Glu Phe Thr Gln Glu Val Phe Lys Gly Ser Val Met Glu Gly Ala Leu 260 265 270 Pro Gly Thr Ser Val Met Glu Val Thr Ala Thr Asp Ala Asp Asp Asp 275 280 285 Val Asn Thr Tyr Asn Ala Ala Ile Ala Tyr Thr Ile Leu Ser Gln Asp 290 295 300 Pro Glu Leu Pro Asp Lys Asn Met Phe Thr Ile Asn Arg Asn Thr Gly 305 310 315 320 Val Ile Ser Val Val Thr Thr Gly Leu Asp Arg Glu Ser Phe Pro Thr 325 330 335 Tyr Thr Leu Val Val Gln Ala Ala Asp Leu Gln Gly Glu Gly Leu Ser 340 345 350 Thr Thr Ala Thr Ala Val Ile Thr Val Thr Asp Thr Asn Asp Asn Pro 355 360 365 Pro Ile Phe Asn Pro Thr Thr Tyr Lys Gly Gln Val Pro Glu Asn Glu 370 375 380 Ala Asn Val Val Ile Thr Thr Leu Lys Val Thr Asp Ala Asp Ala Pro 385 390 395 400 Asn Thr Pro Ala Trp Glu Ala Val Tyr Thr Ile Leu Asn Asp Asp Gly 405 410 415 Gly Gln Phe Val Val Thr Thr Asn Pro Val Asn Asn Asp Gly Ile Leu 420 425 430 Lys Thr Ala Lys Gly Leu Asp Phe Glu Ala Lys Gln Gln Tyr Ile Leu 435 440 445 His Val Ala Val Thr Asn Val Val Pro Phe Glu Val Ser Leu Thr Thr 450 455 460 Ser Thr Ala Thr Val Thr Val Asp Val Leu Asp Val Asn Glu Gly Pro 465 470 475 480 Ile Phe Val Pro Pro Glu Lys Arg Val Glu Val Ser Glu Asp Phe Gly 485 490 495 Val Gly Gln Glu Ile Thr Ser Tyr Thr Ala Gln Glu Pro Asp Thr Phe 500 505 510 Met Glu Gln Lys Ile Thr Tyr Arg Ile Trp Arg Asp Thr Arg Asn Trp 515 520 525 Leu Glu Ile Asn Pro Asp Thr Gly Ala Ile Ser Thr Arg Ala Glu Leu 530 535 540 Asp Arg Glu Asp Phe Glu His Val Lys Asn Ser Thr Tyr Thr Ala Leu 545 550 555 560 Ile Ile Ala Thr Asp Asn Gly Ser Pro Val Ala Thr Gly Thr Gly Thr 565 570 575 Leu Leu Leu Ile Leu Ser Asp Val Asn Asp Asn Ala Pro Ile Pro Glu 580 585 590 Pro Arg Thr Ile Phe Phe Cys Glu Arg Asn Pro Lys Pro Gln Val Ile 595 600 605 Asn Ile His Asp Ala Asp Leu Pro Pro Asn Thr Ser Pro Phe Thr Ala 610 615 620 Glu Leu Thr His Gly Arg Val Pro Asn Trp Thr Ile Gln Tyr Asn Asp 625 630 635 640 Pro Thr Gln Glu Ser Ile Ile Leu Lys Pro Lys Met Ala Leu Glu Val 645 650 655 Gly Asp Tyr Lys Ile Asn Leu Lys Leu Met Asp Asn Gln Asn Lys Asp 660 665 670 Gln Val Thr Thr Leu Glu Val Ser Val Cys Asp Cys Glu Gly Ala Ala 675 680 685 Gly Val Cys Arg Lys Ala Gln Pro Val Glu Ala Gly Leu Gln Ile Pro 690 695 700 Ala Ile Leu Gly Ile Leu Gly Gly Ile Leu Ala Leu Leu Ile Leu Ile 705 710 715 720 Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Ala Val Val Lys Glu Pro 725 730 735 Leu Leu Pro Pro Glu Asp Asp Thr Arg Asp Asn Val Tyr Tyr Tyr Asp 740 745 750 Glu Glu Gly Gly Gly Glu Glu Asp Gln Asp Phe Asp Leu Ser Gln Leu 755 760 765 His Arg Gly Leu Asp Ala Arg Pro Glu Val Thr Arg Asn Asp Val Ala 770 775 780 Pro Thr Leu Met Ser Val Pro Arg Tyr Leu Pro Arg Pro Ala Asn Pro 785 790 795 800 Asp Glu Ile Gly Asn Phe Ile Asp Glu Asn Leu Lys Ala Ala Asp Thr 805 810 815 Asp Pro Thr Ala Pro Pro Tyr Asp Ser Leu Leu Val Phe Asp Tyr Glu 820 825 830 Gly Ser Gly Ser Glu Ala Ala Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Asn Ser Ser Glu 835 840 845 Ser Asp Lys Asp Gln Asp Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Asn Glu Trp Gly Asn Pro 850 855 860 Phe Lys Lys Leu Ala Asp Met Tyr Gly Gly Gly Glu Asp His 865 870 875 49 3171 DNA Homo sapiens 49 gcggaacacc ggcccgccgt cgcggcagct gcttcacccc tctctctgca gccatggggc 60 tccctcgtgg acctctcgcg tctctcctcc ttctccaggt ttgctggctg cagtgcgcgg 120 cctccgagcc gtgccgggcg gtcttcaggg aggctgaagt gaccttggag gcgggaggcg 180 cggagcagga gcccggccag gcgctgggga aagtattcat gggctgccct gggcaagagc 240 cagctctgtt tagcactgat aatgatgact tcactgtgcg gaatggcgag acagtccagg 300 aaagaaggtc actgaaggaa aggaatccat tgaagatctt cccatccaaa cgtatcttac 360 gaagacacaa gagagattgg gtggttgctc caatatctgt ccctgaaaat ggcaagggtc 420 ccttccccca gagactgaat cagctcaagt ctaataaaga tagagacacc aagattttct 480 acagcatcac ggggccgggg gcagacagcc cccctgaggg tgtcttcgct gtagagaagg 540 agacaggctg gttgttgttg aataagccac tggaccggga ggagattgcc aagtatgagc 600 tctttggcca cgctgtgtca gagaatggtg cctcagtgga ggaccccatg aacatctcca 660 tcatcgtgac cgaccagaat gaccacaagc ccaagtttac ccaggacacc ttccgaggga 720 gtgtcttaga gggagtccta ccaggtactt ctgtgatgca ggtgacagcc acagatgagg 780 atgatgccat ctacacctac aatggggtgg ttgcttactc catccatagc caagaaccaa 840 aggacccaca cgacctcatg ttcacaattc accggagcac aggcaccatc agcgtcatct 900 ccagtggcct ggaccgggaa aaagtccctg agtacacact gaccatccag gccacagaca 960 tggatgggga cggctccacc accacggcag tggcagtagt ggagatcctt gatgccaatg 1020 acaatgctcc catgtttgac ccccagaagt acgaggccca tgtgcctgag aatgcagtgg 1080 gccatgaggt gcagaggctg acggtcactg atctggacgc ccccaactca ccagcgtggc 1140 gtgccaccta ccttatcatg ggcggtgacg acggggacca ttttaccatc accacccacc 1200 ctgagagcaa ccagggcatc ctgacaacca ggaagggttt ggattttgag gccaaaaacc 1260 agcacaccct gtacgttgaa gtgaccaacg aggccccttt tgtgctgaag ctcccaacct 1320 ccacagccac catagtggtc cacgtggagg atgtgaatga ggcacctgtg tttgtcccac 1380 cctccaaagt cgttgaggtc caggagggca tccccactgg ggagcctgtg tgtgtctaca 1440 ctgcagaaga ccctgacaag gagaatcaaa agatcagcta ccgcatcctg agagacccag 1500 cagggtggct agccatggac ccagacagtg ggcaggtcac agctgtgggc accctcgacc 1560 gtgaggatga gcagtttgtg aggaacaaca tctatgaagt catggtcttg gccatggaca 1620 atggaagccc tcccaccact ggcacgggaa cccttctgct aacactgatt gatgtcaacg 1680 accatggccc agtccctgag ccccgtcaga tcaccatctg caaccaaagc cctgtgcgcc 1740 acgtgctgaa catcacggac aaggacctgt ctccccacac ctcccctttc caggcccagc 1800 tcacagatga ctcagacatc tactggacgg cagaggtcaa cgaggaaggt gacacagtgg 1860 tcttgtccct gaagaagttc ctgaagcagg atacatatga cgtgcacctt tctctgtctg 1920 accatggcaa caaagagcag ctgacggtga tcagggccac tgtgtgcgac tgccatggcc 1980 atgtcgaaac ctgccctgga ccctggaaag gaggtttcat cctccctgtg ctgggggctg 2040 tcctggctct gctgttcctc ctgctggtgc tgcttttgtt ggtgagaaag aagcggaaga 2100 tcaaggagcc cctcctactc ccagaagatg acacccgtga caacgtcttc tactatggcg 2160 aagagggggg tggcgaagag gaccaggact atgacatcac ccagctccac cgaggtctgg 2220 aggccaggcc ggaggtggtt ctccgcaatg acgtggcacc aaccatcatc ccgacaccca 2280 tgtaccgtcc taggccagcc aacccagatg aaatcggcaa ctttataatt gagaacctga 2340 aggcggctaa cacagacccc acagccccgc cctacgacac cctcttggtg ttcgactatg 2400 agggcagcgg ctccgacgcc gcgtccctga gctccctcac ctcctccgcc tccgaccaag 2460 accaagatta cgattatctg aacgagtggg gcagccgctt caagaagctg gcagacatgt 2520 acggtggcgg ggaggacgac taggcggcct gcctgcaggg ctggggacca aacgtcaggc 2580 cacagagcat ctccaagggg tctcagttcc cccttcagct gaggacttcg gagcttgtca 2640 ggaagtggcc gtagcaactt ggcggagaca ggctatgagt ctgacgttag agtggttgct 2700 tccttagcct ttcaggatgg aggaatgtgg gcagtttgac ttcagcactg aaaacctctc 2760 cacctgggcc agggttgcct cagaggccaa gtttccagaa gcctcttacc tgccgtaaaa 2820 tgctcaaccc tgtgtcctgg gcctgggcct gctgtgactg acctacagtg gactttctct 2880 ctggaatgga accttcttag gcctcctggt gcaacttaat tttttttttt aatgctatct 2940 tcaaaacgtt agagaaagtt cttcaaaagt gcagcccaga gctgctgggc ccactggccg 3000 tcctgcattt ctggtttcca gaccccaatg cctcccattc ggatggatct ctgcgttttt 3060 atactgagtg tgcctaggtt gccccttatt ttttattttc cctgttgcgt tgctatagat 3120 gaagggtgag gacaatcgtg tatatgtact agaacttttt tattaaagaa a 3171 50 829 PRT Homo sapiens 50 Met Gly Leu Pro Arg Gly Pro Leu Ala Ser Leu Leu Leu Leu Gln Val 1 5 10 15 Cys Trp Leu Gln Cys Ala Ala Ser Glu Pro Cys Arg Ala Val Phe Arg 20 25 30 Glu Ala Glu Val Thr Leu Glu Ala Gly Gly Ala Glu Gln Glu Pro Gly 35 40 45 Gln Ala Leu Gly Lys Val Phe Met Gly Cys Pro Gly Gln Glu Pro Ala 50 55 60 Leu Phe Ser Thr Asp Asn Asp Asp Phe Thr Val Arg Asn Gly Glu Thr 65 70 75 80 Val Gln Glu Arg Arg Ser Leu Lys Glu Arg Asn Pro Leu Lys Ile Phe 85 90 95 Pro Ser Lys Arg Ile Leu Arg Arg His Lys Arg Asp Trp Val Val Ala 100 105 110 Pro Ile Ser Val Pro Glu Asn Gly Lys Gly Pro Phe Pro Gln Arg Leu 115 120 125 Asn Gln Leu Lys Ser Asn Lys Asp Arg Asp Thr Lys Ile Phe Tyr Ser 130 135 140 Ile Thr Gly Pro Gly Ala Asp Ser Pro Pro Glu Gly Val Phe Ala Val 145 150 155 160 Glu Lys Glu Thr Gly Trp Leu Leu Leu Asn Lys Pro Leu Asp Arg Glu 165 170 175 Glu Ile Ala Lys Tyr Glu Leu Phe Gly His Ala Val Ser Glu Asn Gly 180 185 190 Ala Ser Val Glu Asp Pro Met Asn Ile Ser Ile Ile Val Thr Asp Gln 195 200 205 Asn Asp His Lys Pro Lys Phe Thr Gln Asp Thr Phe Arg Gly Ser Val 210 215 220 Leu Glu Gly Val Leu Pro Gly Thr Ser Val Met Gln Val Thr Ala Thr 225 230 235 240 Asp Glu Asp Asp Ala Ile Tyr Thr Tyr Asn Gly Val Val Ala Tyr Ser 245 250 255 Ile His Ser Gln Glu Pro Lys Asp Pro His Asp Leu Met Phe Thr Ile 260 265 270 His Arg Ser Thr Gly Thr Ile Ser Val Ile Ser Ser Gly Leu Asp Arg 275 280 285 Glu Lys Val Pro Glu Tyr Thr Leu Thr Ile Gln Ala Thr Asp Met Asp 290 295 300 Gly Asp Gly Ser Thr Thr Thr Ala Val Ala Val Val Glu Ile Leu Asp 305 310 315 320 Ala Asn Asp Asn Ala Pro Met Phe Asp Pro Gln Lys Tyr Glu Ala His 325 330 335 Val Pro Glu Asn Ala Val Gly His Glu Val Gln Arg Leu Thr Val Thr 340 345 350 Asp Leu Asp Ala Pro Asn Ser Pro Ala Trp Arg Ala Thr Tyr Leu Ile 355 360 365 Met Gly Gly Asp Asp Gly Asp His Phe Thr Ile Thr Thr His Pro Glu 370 375 380 Ser Asn Gln Gly Ile Leu Thr Thr Arg Lys Gly Leu Asp Phe Glu Ala 385 390 395 400 Lys Asn Gln His Thr Leu Tyr Val Glu Val Thr Asn Glu Ala Pro Phe 405 410 415 Val Leu Lys Leu Pro Thr Ser Thr Ala Thr Ile Val Val His Val Glu 420 425 430 Asp Val Asn Glu Ala Pro Val Phe Val Pro Pro Ser Lys Val Val Glu 435 440 445 Val Gln Glu Gly Ile Pro Thr Gly Glu Pro Val Cys Val Tyr Thr Ala 450 455 460 Glu Asp Pro Asp Lys Glu Asn Gln Lys Ile Ser Tyr Arg Ile Leu Arg 465 470 475 480 Asp Pro Ala Gly Trp Leu Ala Met Asp Pro Asp Ser Gly Gln Val Thr 485 490 495 Ala Val Gly Thr Leu Asp Arg Glu Asp Glu Gln Phe Val Arg Asn Asn 500 505 510 Ile Tyr Glu Val Met Val Leu Ala Met Asp Asn Gly Ser Pro Pro Thr 515 520 525 Thr Gly Thr Gly Thr Leu Leu Leu Thr Leu Ile Asp Val Asn Asp His 530 535 540 Gly Pro Val Pro Glu Pro Arg Gln Ile Thr Ile Cys Asn Gln Ser Pro 545 550 555 560 Val Arg His Val Leu Asn Ile Thr Asp Lys Asp Leu Ser Pro His Thr 565 570 575 Ser Pro Phe Gln Ala Gln Leu Thr Asp Asp Ser Asp Ile Tyr Trp Thr 580 585 590 Ala Glu Val Asn Glu Glu Gly Asp Thr Val Val Leu Ser Leu Lys Lys 595 600 605 Phe Leu Lys Gln Asp Thr Tyr Asp Val His Leu Ser Leu Ser Asp His 610 615 620 Gly Asn Lys Glu Gln Leu Thr Val Ile Arg Ala Thr Val Cys Asp Cys 625 630 635 640 His Gly His Val Glu Thr Cys Pro Gly Pro Trp Lys Gly Gly Phe Ile 645 650 655 Leu Pro Val Leu Gly Ala Val Leu Ala Leu Leu Phe Leu Leu Leu Val 660 665 670 Leu Leu Leu Leu Val Arg Lys Lys Arg Lys Ile Lys Glu Pro Leu Leu 675 680 685 Leu Pro Glu Asp Asp Thr Arg Asp Asn Val Phe Tyr Tyr Gly Glu Glu 690 695 700 Gly Gly Gly Glu Glu Asp Gln Asp Tyr Asp Ile Thr Gln Leu His Arg 705 710 715 720 Gly Leu Glu Ala Arg Pro Glu Val Val Leu Arg Asn Asp Val Ala Pro 725 730 735 Thr Ile Ile Pro Thr Pro Met Tyr Arg Pro Arg Pro Ala Asn Pro Asp 740 745 750 Glu Ile Gly Asn Phe Ile Ile Glu Asn Leu Lys Ala Ala Asn Thr Asp 755 760 765 Pro Thr Ala Pro Pro Tyr Asp Thr Leu Leu Val Phe Asp Tyr Glu Gly 770 775 780 Ser Gly Ser Asp Ala Ala Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Thr Ser Ser Ala Ser 785 790 795 800 Asp Gln Asp Gln Asp Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Asn Glu Trp Gly Ser Arg Phe 805 810 815 Lys Lys Leu Ala Asp Met Tyr Gly Gly Gly Glu Asp Asp 820 825 51 2750 DNA Homo sapiens 51 gcacgatctg ttcctcctgg gaagatgcag aggctcatga tgctcctcgc cacatcgggc 60 gcctgcctgg gcctgctggc agtggcagca gtggcagcag caggtgctaa ccctgcccaa 120 cgggacaccc acagcctgct gcccacccac cggcgccaaa agagagattg gatttggaac 180 cagatgcaca ttgatgaaga gaaaaacacc tcacttcccc atcatgtagg caagatcaag 240 tcaagcgtga gtcgcaagaa tgccaagtac ctgctcaaag gagaatatgt gggcaaggtc 300 ttccgggtcg atgcagagac aggagacgtg ttcgccattg agaggctgga ccgggagaat 360 atctcagagt accacctcac tgctgtcatt gtggacaagg acactggtga aaacctggag 420 actccttcca gcttcaccat caaagttcat gacgtgaacg acaactggcc tgtgttcacg 480 catcggttgt tcaatgcgtc cgtgcctgag tcgtcggctg tggggacctc agtcatctct 540 gtgacagcag tggatgcaga cgaccccact gtgggagacc acgcctctgt catgtaccaa 600 atcctgaagg ggaaagagta ttttgccatc gataattctg gacgtattat cacaataacg 660 aaaagcttgg accgagagaa gcaggccagg tatgagatcg tggtggaagc gcgagatgcc 720 cagggcctcc ggggggactc gggcacggcc accgtgctgg tcactctgca agacatcaat 780 gacaacttcc ccttcttcac ccagaccaag tacacatttg tcgtgcctga agacacccgt 840 gtgggcacct ctgtgggctc tctgtttgtt gaggacccag atgagcccca gaaccggatg 900 accaagtaca gcatcttgcg gggcgactac caggacgctt tcaccattga gacaaacccc 960 gcccacaacg agggcatcat caagcccatg aagcctctgg attatgaata catccagcaa 1020 tacagcttca tcgtcgaggc cacagacccc accatcgacc tccgatacat gagccctccc 1080 gcgggaaaca gagcccaggt cattatcaac atcacagatg tggacgagcc ccccattttc 1140 cagcagcctt tctaccactt ccagctgaag gaaaaccaga agaagcctct gattggcaca 1200 gtgctggcca tggaccctga tgcggctagg catagcattg gatactccat ccgcaggacc 1260 agtgacaagg gccagttctt ccgagtcaca aaaaaggggg acatttacaa tgagaaagaa 1320 ctggacagag aagtctaccc ctggtataac ctgactgtgg aggccaaaga actggattcc 1380 actggaaccc ccacaggaaa agaatccatt gtgcaagtcc acattgaagt tttggatgag 1440 aatgacaatg ccccggagtt tgccaagccc taccagccca aagtgtgtga gaacgctgtc 1500 catggccagc tggtcctgca gatctccgca atagacaagg acataacacc acgaaacgtg 1560 aagttcaaat tcaccttgaa tactgagaac aactttaccc tcacggataa tcacgataac 1620 acggccaaca tcacagtcaa gtatgggcag tttgaccggg agcataccaa ggtccacttc 1680 ctacccgtgg tcatctcaga caatgggatg ccaagtcgca cgggcaccag cacgctgacc 1740 gtggccgtgt gcaagtgcaa cgagcagggc gagttcacct tctgcgagga tatggccgcc 1800 caggtgggcg tgagcatcca ggcagtggta gccatcttac tctgcatcct caccatcaca 1860 gtgatcaccc tgctcatctt cctgcggcgg cggctccgga agcaggcccg cgcgcacggc 1920 aagagcgtgc cggagatcca cgagcagctg gtcacctacg acgaggaggg cggcggcgag 1980 atggacacca ccagctacga tgtgtcggtg ctcaactcgg tgcgccgcgg cggggccaag 2040 cccccgcggc ccgcgctgga cgcccggcct tccctctatg cgcaggtgca gaagccaccg 2100 aggcacgcgc ctggggcaca cggagggccc ggggagatgg cagccatgat cgaggtgaag 2160 aaggacgagg cggaccacga cggcgacggc cccccctacg acacgctgca catctacggc 2220 tacgagggct ccgagtccat agccgagtcc ctcagctccc tgggcaccga ctcatccgac 2280 tctgacgtgg attacgactt ccttaacgac tggggaccca ggtttaagat gctggctgag 2340 ctgtacggct cggacccccg ggaggagctg ctgtattagg cggccgaggt cactctgggc 2400 ctggggaccc aaaccccctg cagcccaggc cagtcagact ccaggcacca cagcctccaa 2460 aaatggcagt gactccccag cccagcaccc cttcctcgtg ggtcccagag acctcatcag 2520 ccttgggata gcaaactcca ggttcctgaa atatccagga atatatgtca gtgatgacta 2580 ttctcaaatg ctggcaaatc caggctggtg ttctgtctgg gctcagacat ccacataacc 2640 ctgtcaccca cagaccgccg tctaactcaa agacttcctc tggctcccca aggctgcaaa 2700 gcaaaacaga ctgtgtttaa ctgctgcagg gtctttttct agggtccctg 2750 52 784 PRT Homo sapiens 52 Met Gln Arg Leu Met Met Leu Leu Ala Thr Ser Gly Ala Cys Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Ala Val Ala Ala Val Ala Ala Ala Gly Ala Asn Pro Ala Gln 20 25 30 Arg Asp Thr His Ser Leu Leu Pro Thr His Arg Arg Gln Lys Arg Asp 35 40 45 Trp Ile Trp Asn Gln Met His Ile Asp Glu Glu Lys Asn Thr Ser Leu 50 55 60 Pro His His Val Gly Lys Ile Lys Ser Ser Val Ser Arg Lys Asn Ala 65 70 75 80 Lys Tyr Leu Leu Lys Gly Glu Tyr Val Gly Lys Val Phe Arg Val Asp 85 90 95 Ala Glu Thr Gly Asp Val Phe Ala Ile Glu Arg Leu Asp Arg Glu Asn 100 105 110 Ile Ser Glu Tyr His Leu Thr Ala Val Ile Val Asp Lys Asp Thr Gly 115 120 125 Glu Asn Leu Glu Thr Pro Ser Ser Phe Thr Ile Lys Val His Asp Val 130 135 140 Asn Asp Asn Trp Pro Val Phe Thr His Arg Leu Phe Asn Ala Ser Val 145 150 155 160 Pro Glu Ser Ser Ala Val Gly Thr Ser Val Ile Ser Val Thr Ala Val 165 170 175 Asp Ala Asp Asp Pro Thr Val Gly Asp His Ala Ser Val Met Tyr Gln 180 185 190 Ile Leu Lys Gly Lys Glu Tyr Phe Ala Ile Asp Asn Ser Gly Arg Ile 195 200 205 Ile Thr Ile Thr Lys Ser Leu Asp Arg Glu Lys Gln Ala Arg Tyr Glu 210 215 220 Ile Val Val Glu Ala Arg Asp Ala Gln Gly Leu Arg Gly Asp Ser Gly 225 230 235 240 Thr Ala Thr Val Leu Val Thr Leu Gln Asp Ile Asn Asp Asn Phe Pro 245 250 255 Phe Phe Thr Gln Thr Lys Tyr Thr Phe Val Val Pro Glu Asp Thr Arg 260 265 270 Val Gly Thr Ser Val Gly Ser Leu Phe Val Glu Asp Pro Asp Glu Pro 275 280 285 Gln Asn Arg Met Thr Lys Tyr Ser Ile Leu Arg Gly Asp Tyr Gln Asp 290 295 300 Ala Phe Thr Ile Glu Thr Asn Pro Ala His Asn Glu Gly Ile Ile Lys 305 310 315 320 Pro Met Lys Pro Leu Asp Tyr Glu Tyr Ile Gln Gln Tyr Ser Phe Ile 325 330 335 Val Glu Ala Thr Asp Pro Thr Ile Asp Leu Arg Tyr Met Ser Pro Pro 340 345 350 Ala Gly Asn Arg Ala Gln Val Ile Ile Asn Ile Thr Asp Val Asp Glu 355 360 365 Pro Pro Ile Phe Gln Gln Pro Phe Tyr His Phe Gln Leu Lys Glu Asn 370 375 380 Gln Lys Lys Pro Leu Ile Gly Thr Val Leu Ala Met Asp Pro Asp Ala 385 390 395 400 Ala Arg His Ser Ile Gly Tyr Ser Ile Arg Arg Thr Ser Asp Lys Gly 405 410 415 Gln Phe Phe Arg Val Thr Lys Lys Gly Asp Ile Tyr Asn Glu Lys Glu 420 425 430 Leu Asp Arg Glu Val Tyr Pro Trp Tyr Asn Leu Thr Val Glu Ala Lys 435 440 445 Glu Leu Asp Ser Thr Gly Thr Pro Thr Gly Lys Glu Ser Ile Val Gln 450 455 460 Val His Ile Glu Val Leu Asp Glu Asn Asp Asn Ala Pro Glu Phe Ala 465 470 475 480 Lys Pro Tyr Gln Pro Lys Val Cys Glu Asn Ala Val His Gly Gln Leu 485 490 495 Val Leu Gln Ile Ser Ala Ile Asp Lys Asp Ile Thr Pro Arg Asn Val 500 505 510 Lys Phe Lys Phe Thr Leu Asn Thr Glu Asn Asn Phe Thr Leu Thr Asp 515 520 525 Asn His Asp Asn Thr Ala Asn Ile Thr Val Lys Tyr Gly Gln Phe Asp 530 535 540 Arg Glu His Thr Lys Val His Phe Leu Pro Val Val Ile Ser Asp Asn 545 550 555 560 Gly Met Pro Ser Arg Thr Gly Thr Ser Thr Leu Thr Val Ala Val Cys 565 570 575 Lys Cys Asn Glu Gln Gly Glu Phe Thr Phe Cys Glu Asp Met Ala Ala 580 585 590 Gln Val Gly Val Ser Ile Gln Ala Val Val Ala Ile Leu Leu Cys Ile 595 600 605 Leu Thr Ile Thr Val Ile Thr Leu Leu Ile Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Leu 610 615 620 Arg Lys Gln Ala Arg Ala His Gly Lys Ser Val Pro Glu Ile His Glu 625 630 635 640 Gln Leu Val Thr Tyr Asp Glu Glu Gly Gly Gly Glu Met Asp Thr Thr 645 650 655 Ser Tyr Asp Val Ser Val Leu Asn Ser Val Arg Arg Gly Gly Ala Lys 660 665 670 Pro Pro Arg Pro Ala Leu Asp Ala Arg Pro Ser Leu Tyr Ala Gln Val 675 680 685 Gln Lys Pro Pro Arg His Ala Pro Gly Ala His Gly Gly Pro Gly Glu 690 695 700 Met Ala Ala Met Ile Glu Val Lys Lys Asp Glu Ala Asp His Asp Gly 705 710 715 720 Asp Gly Pro Pro Tyr Asp Thr Leu His Ile Tyr Gly Tyr Glu Gly Ser 725 730 735 Glu Ser Ile Ala Glu Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Asp Ser Ser Asp 740 745 750 Ser Asp Val Asp Tyr Asp Phe Leu Asn Asp Trp Gly Pro Arg Phe Lys 755 760 765 Met Leu Ala Glu Leu Tyr Gly Ser Asp Pro Arg Glu Glu Leu Leu Tyr 770 775 780 53 2721 DNA Homo sapiens 53 atgactgctg tccatgcagg caacataaac ttcaagtggg atcctaaaag tctagagatc 60 aggactctgg cagttgagag actgttggag cctcttgtta cacaggttac aacccttgta 120 aacaccaata gtaaagggcc ctctaataag aagagaggtc gttctaagaa ggcccatgtt 180 ttggctgcat ctgttgaaca agcaactgag aatttcttgg agaaggggga taaaattgcg 240 aaggagagcc agtttctcaa ggaggagctt gtggctgctg tagaagatgt tcgaaaacaa 300 ggtgatttga tgaaggctgc tgcaggagag ttcgcagatg atccctgctc ttctgtgaag 360 cgaggcaaca tggttcgggc agctcgagct ttgctctctg ctgttacccg gttgctgatt 420 ttggctgaca tggcagatgt ctacaaatta cttgttcagc tgaaagttgt ggaagatggt 480 atcttgaagt tgaggaatgc tggcaatgaa caagacttag gaatccagta taaagcccta 540 aaacctgaag tggataagct gaacattatg gcagccaaaa gacaacagga attgaaagat 600 gttggccatc gtgatcagat ggctgcagct agaggaatcc tgcagaagaa cgttccgatc 660 ctctatactg catcccaggc atgcctacag caccctgatg tcgcagccta taaggccaac 720 agggacctga tatacaagca gctgcagcag gcggtcacag gcatttccaa tgcagcccag 780 gccactgcct cagacgatgc ctcacagcac cagggtggag gaggaggaga actggcatat 840 gcactcaata actttgacaa acaaatcatt gtggacccct tgagcttcag cgaggagcgc 900 tttaggcctt ccctggagga gcgtctggaa agcatcatta gtggggctgc cttgatggcc 960 gactcgtcct gcacgcgtga tgaccgtcgt gagcgaattg tggcagagtg taatgctgtc 1020 cgccaggccc tgcaggacct gctttcggag tacatgggca atgctggacg taaagaaaga 1080 agtgatgcac tcaattctgc aatagataaa atgaccaaga agaccaggga cttgcgtaga 1140 cagctccgca aagctgtcat ggaccacgtt tcagattctt tcctggaaac caatgttcca 1200 cttttggtat tgattgaagc tgcaaagaat ggaaatgaga aagaagttaa ggagtatgcc 1260 caagttttcc gtgaacatgc caacaaattg attgaggttg ccaacttggc ctgttccatc 1320 tcaaataatg aagaaggtgt aaagcttgtt cgaatgtctg caagccagtt agaagccctc 1380 tgtcctcagg ttattaatgc tgcactggct ttagcagcaa aaccacagag taaactggcc 1440 caagagaaca tggatctttt taaagaacaa tgggaaaaac aagtccgtgt tctcacagat 1500 gctgtcgatg acattacttc cattgatgac ttcttggctg tctcagagaa tcacattttg 1560 gaagatgtga acaaatgtgt cattgctctc caagagaagg atgtggatgg cctggaccgc 1620 acagctggtg caattcgagg ccgggcagcc cgggtcattc acgtagtcac ctcagagatg 1680 gacaactatg agccaggagt ctacacagag aaggttctgg aagccactaa gctgctctcc 1740 aacacagtca tgccacgttt tactgagcaa gtagaagcag ccgtggaagc cctcagctcg 1800 gaccctgccc agcccatgga tgagaatgag tttatcgatg cttcccgcct ggtatatgat 1860 ggcatccggg acatcaggaa agcagtgctg atgataagga cccctgagga gttggatgac 1920 tctgactttg agacagaaga ttttgatgtc agaagcagga cgagcgtcca gacagaagac 1980 gatcagctga tagctggcca gagtgcccgg gcgatcatgg ctcagcttcc ccaggagcaa 2040 aaagcgaaga ttgcggaaca ggtggccagc ttccaggaag aaaagagcaa gctggatgct 2100 gaagtgtcca aatgggacga cagtggcaat gacatcattg tgctggccaa gcagatgtgc 2160 atgattatga tggagatgac agactttacc cgaggtaaag gaccactcaa aaatacatcg 2220 gatgtcatca gtgctgccaa gaaaattgct gaggcaggat ccaggatgga caagcttggc 2280 cgcaccattg cagaccattg ccccgactcg gcttgcaagc aggacctgct ggcctacctg 2340 caacgcatcg ccctctactg ccaccagctg aacatctgca gcaaggtcaa ggccgaggtg 2400 cagaatctcg gcggggagct tgttgtctct ggggtggaca gcgccatgtc cctgatccag 2460 gcagccaaga acttgatgaa tgctgtggtg cagacagtga aggcatccta cgtcgcctct 2520 accaaatacc aaaagtcaca gggtatggct tccctcaacc ttcctgctgt gtcatggaag 2580 atgaaggcac cagagaaaaa gccattggtg aagagagaga aacaggatga gacacagacc 2640 aagattaaac gggcatctca gaagaagcac gtgaacccgg tgcaggccct cagcgagttc 2700 aaagctatgg acagcatcta a 2721 54 906 PRT Homo sapiens 54 Met Thr Ala Val His Ala Gly Asn Ile Asn Phe Lys Trp Asp Pro Lys 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Glu Ile Arg Thr Leu Ala Val Glu Arg Leu Leu Glu Pro Leu 20 25 30 Val Thr Gln Val Thr Thr Leu Val Asn Thr Asn Ser Lys Gly Pro Ser 35 40 45 Asn Lys Lys Arg Gly Arg Ser Lys Lys Ala His Val Leu Ala Ala Ser 50 55 60 Val Glu Gln Ala Thr Glu Asn Phe Leu Glu Lys Gly Asp Lys Ile Ala 65 70 75 80 Lys Glu Ser Gln Phe Leu Lys Glu Glu Leu Val Ala Ala Val Glu Asp 85 90 95 Val Arg Lys Gln Gly Asp Leu Met Lys Ala Ala Ala Gly Glu Phe Ala 100 105 110 Asp Asp Pro Cys Ser Ser Val Lys Arg Gly Asn Met Val Arg Ala Ala 115 120 125 Arg Ala Leu Leu Ser Ala Val Thr Arg Leu Leu Ile Leu Ala Asp Met 130 135 140 Ala Asp Val Tyr Lys Leu Leu Val Gln Leu Lys Val Val Glu Asp Gly 145 150 155 160 Ile Leu Lys Leu Arg Asn Ala Gly Asn Glu Gln Asp Leu Gly Ile Gln 165 170 175 Tyr Lys Ala Leu Lys Pro Glu Val Asp Lys Leu Asn Ile Met Ala Ala 180 185 190 Lys Arg Gln Gln Glu Leu Lys Asp Val Gly His Arg Asp Gln Met Ala 195 200 205 Ala Ala Arg Gly Ile Leu Gln Lys Asn Val Pro Ile Leu Tyr Thr Ala 210 215 220 Ser Gln Ala Cys Leu Gln His Pro Asp Val Ala Ala Tyr Lys Ala Asn 225 230 235 240 Arg Asp Leu Ile Tyr Lys Gln Leu Gln Gln Ala Val Thr Gly Ile Ser 245 250 255 Asn Ala Ala Gln Ala Thr Ala Ser Asp Asp Ala Ser Gln His Gln Gly 260 265 270 Gly Gly Gly Gly Glu Leu Ala Tyr Ala Leu Asn Asn Phe Asp Lys Gln 275 280 285 Ile Ile Val Asp Pro Leu Ser Phe Ser Glu Glu Arg Phe Arg Pro Ser 290 295 300 Leu Glu Glu Arg Leu Glu Ser Ile Ile Ser Gly Ala Ala Leu Met Ala 305 310 315 320 Asp Ser Ser Cys Thr Arg Asp Asp Arg Arg Glu Arg Ile Val Ala Glu 325 330 335 Cys Asn Ala Val Arg Gln Ala Leu Gln Asp Leu Leu Ser Glu Tyr Met 340 345 350 Gly Asn Ala Gly Arg Lys Glu Arg Ser Asp Ala Leu Asn Ser Ala Ile 355 360 365 Asp Lys Met Thr Lys Lys Thr Arg Asp Leu Arg Arg Gln Leu Arg Lys 370 375 380 Ala Val Met Asp His Val Ser Asp Ser Phe Leu Glu Thr Asn Val Pro 385 390 395 400 Leu Leu Val Leu Ile Glu Ala Ala Lys Asn Gly Asn Glu Lys Glu Val 405 410 415 Lys Glu Tyr Ala Gln Val Phe Arg Glu His Ala Asn Lys Leu Ile Glu 420 425 430 Val Ala Asn Leu Ala Cys Ser Ile Ser Asn Asn Glu Glu Gly Val Lys 435 440 445 Leu Val Arg Met Ser Ala Ser Gln Leu Glu Ala Leu Cys Pro Gln Val 450 455 460 Ile Asn Ala Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Lys Pro Gln Ser Lys Leu Ala 465 470 475 480 Gln Glu Asn Met Asp Leu Phe Lys Glu Gln Trp Glu Lys Gln Val Arg 485 490 495 Val Leu Thr Asp Ala Val Asp Asp Ile Thr Ser Ile Asp Asp Phe Leu 500 505 510 Ala Val Ser Glu Asn His Ile Leu Glu Asp Val Asn Lys Cys Val Ile 515 520 525 Ala Leu Gln Glu Lys Asp Val Asp Gly Leu Asp Arg Thr Ala Gly Ala 530 535 540 Ile Arg Gly Arg Ala Ala Arg Val Ile His Val Val Thr Ser Glu Met 545 550 555 560 Asp Asn Tyr Glu Pro Gly Val Tyr Thr Glu Lys Val Leu Glu Ala Thr 565 570 575 Lys Leu Leu Ser Asn Thr Val Met Pro Arg Phe Thr Glu Gln Val Glu 580 585 590 Ala Ala Val Glu Ala Leu Ser Ser Asp Pro Ala Gln Pro Met Asp Glu 595 600 605 Asn Glu Phe Ile Asp Ala Ser Arg Leu Val Tyr Asp Gly Ile Arg Asp 610 615 620 Ile Arg Lys Ala Val Leu Met Ile Arg Thr Pro Glu Glu Leu Asp Asp 625 630 635 640 Ser Asp Phe Glu Thr Glu Asp Phe Asp Val Arg Ser Arg Thr Ser Val 645 650 655 Gln Thr Glu Asp Asp Gln Leu Ile Ala Gly Gln Ser Ala Arg Ala Ile 660 665 670 Met Ala Gln Leu Pro Gln Glu Gln Lys Ala Lys Ile Ala Glu Gln Val 675 680 685 Ala Ser Phe Gln Glu Glu Lys Ser Lys Leu Asp Ala Glu Val Ser Lys 690 695 700 Trp Asp Asp Ser Gly Asn Asp Ile Ile Val Leu Ala Lys Gln Met Cys 705 710 715 720 Met Ile Met Met Glu Met Thr Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Lys Gly Pro Leu 725 730 735 Lys Asn Thr Ser Asp Val Ile Ser Ala Ala Lys Lys Ile Ala Glu Ala 740 745 750 Gly Ser Arg Met Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg Thr Ile Ala Asp His Cys Pro 755 760 765 Asp Ser Ala Cys Lys Gln Asp Leu Leu Ala Tyr Leu Gln Arg Ile Ala 770 775 780 Leu Tyr Cys His Gln Leu Asn Ile Cys Ser Lys Val Lys Ala Glu Val 785 790 795 800 Gln Asn Leu Gly Gly Glu Leu Val Val Ser Gly Val Asp Ser Ala Met 805 810 815 Ser Leu Ile Gln Ala Ala Lys Asn Leu Met Asn Ala Val Val Gln Thr 820 825 830 Val Lys Ala Ser Tyr Val Ala Ser Thr Lys Tyr Gln Lys Ser Gln Gly 835 840 845 Met Ala Ser Leu Asn Leu Pro Ala Val Ser Trp Lys Met Lys Ala Pro 850 855 860 Glu Lys Lys Pro Leu Val Lys Arg Glu Lys Gln Asp Glu Thr Gln Thr 865 870 875 880 Lys Ile Lys Arg Ala Ser Gln Lys Lys His Val Asn Pro Val Gln Ala 885 890 895 Leu Ser Glu Phe Lys Ala Met Asp Ser Ile 900 905 55 2712 DNA Xenopus laevis 55 atgactctca atacaggaaa cataaatttc aagtgggatc caaaaagctt ggaaataaga 60 acactagccg ttgagagact tcttgagcct ttagtatctc aggtgactac tttggtgaat 120 actagcaata aaggaccatc caataaaaag aaagggcgtt caaagaaagc tcatgttttg 180 gctgcatcag tggagcaagc aacccaaaat tttttggata aaggagacaa aatcgcaaaa 240 gacagccagt ttcttaaaga ggaactcatt gcagcagttg aagatgttcg gaaacagggt 300 gaacagatga gaagcgcctc tggagagttt gcggatgatc cttgctcttc tgttaaacgt 360 ggaaacatgg tccgtgctgc acgtgcattg ttgtctgctg tcacaaggct gctgattttg 420 gctgacatgg cagatgtgta caggttactg gttcagctga aagtggttga agaaggtatt 480 ctgaaattaa gaaatgctgg aactgaacaa gatttaggaa tacaatataa ggctttgaga 540 gctgaagtgg ataaattaaa tgtcatgacg gcaaagagac aacaggaatt aaaggatatt 600 ggccacagag atcagatggc tgcagctcgt ggtattcttc agaagagcat tcctattctt 660 tacactgctt cacaggcatg tctgcagcat cccgatgtag ctgcatacaa agctaatagg 720 gacttggtat ataaacaact tcaacaagct gtcagtggca tttcaaatgc agcccaagct 780 acatcgtctg aagaaagtgc tcaacaacaa ggaggtggag aacttgctgt tgccctaaat 840 aattttgata aacaaatcat tgtggatcct cttggcttta gtgaagaaag atttagacct 900 tcactagagg agcgtttaga aagcatcatt agtggagcag ccctaatggc agattcttct 960 tgcacacgag atgatcgccg ggaacgtatt gttgctgaat gcaactctgt gagacaagct 1020 ctacaagatc tcctttctga atacatggga aatactggcc gcaaggaacg tggtgatgct 1080 ctaaattcag caatcgacaa aatgacaagg aaaaccagag acttgcgtag acagttgaga 1140 aaggctgtta tggaccatgt ttctgactct ttcttggaga ccaatgtacc actacttgtg 1200 ttgattgagg ctgcaaagaa tggaaatgaa aaagaagtta aagagtatgc acaagtattt 1260 cgtgaacatg ccaataaact gattgaggta gccaatttgg cctgttccat atccaacaac 1320 gaagaaggtg taaaactagt ccgtatatct gctggacagc ttgaatctct ttgcccacag 1380 gttataaatg cagctttggc cttggcagct aagccgaata gtaaaatggc acaggaaaat 1440 atggatcttt acaaagagca atgggaaaga caagttcgag tcctaacaga tgctgttgat 1500 gatattacat caattgatga cttcttggcc gtttcagaaa atcacatttt ggaggatgtc 1560 aataaatgtg tcatagctct tcaggagaga gatgttgatg gcttggatcg tacagctgga 1620 gctattcgtg gacgtgcagc aagagtcata catgttgtca cctctgaaat ggataactat 1680 gaacctggaa tttacacaga aaaggttctg gaagctacta aattgctgac aaatacagtt 1740 atgccacgtt tcacggagca agttgaagct gcagttgagg cccttagtgg agacaccaat 1800 cagaccatgg atgaaaatga atttattgat gcttctcgac tagtatatga tggtgtacgg 1860 gacatccgaa aagctgtgct gatgatcaga actccagaag aactagatga ttctgatttt 1920 gaaactgaag actttgatgt gagaagcaga acaagtgtcc agacagagga tgaccagctt 1980 attgctggac agagtgcaag agcaatcatg gctcagcttc ctcaggaaca aaaggcaaaa 2040 attgcagaac aagtggctag cttccaggaa gaaaaaagca aactggatgc tgaggtgtcg 2100 aaatgggatg acaatggaaa cgacctcatt gttttggcta aacagatgtg tatgataatg 2160 atggaaatga ctgactttac tagagggaag gggccactga aaaacacttc agatgtaatt 2220 agcgcagcta agaaaattgc agaagcgggg tcacgaatgg ataaattagg acgtactatt 2280 gcagatcact gccctgattc aacttgtaag caagatcttt tagcatatct tcagagaatt 2340 gccttgtact gccatcagtt aaatatatgt agtaaagtaa aggcagaagt tcagaatctt 2400 ggcggcgagc ttgttgtgtc tggggttgac agtgccatgt ccctgataca agccgcgaaa 2460 aatctgatga atgccgttgt tcagaccgta aaagcctcct atgtagcttc tacgaaatac 2520 cagaagtcac aaggaatggc atctctgaat ctgcctgcag tgtcatggaa aatgaaagct 2580 ccagaaaaga aaccacttgt taagagagag aagcaagatg agacccaaac taagataaag 2640 cgtgcttctc agaaaaaaca tgtcaaccca gtgcaggctc taagtgaatt taaagcaatg 2700 gaaagcattt aa 2712 56 903 PRT Xenopus laevis 56 Met Thr Leu Asn Thr Gly Asn Ile Asn Phe Lys Trp Asp Pro Lys Ser 1 5 10 15 Leu Glu Ile Arg Thr Leu Ala Val Glu Arg Leu Leu Glu Pro Leu Val 20 25 30 Ser Gln Val Thr Thr Leu Val Asn Thr Ser Asn Lys Gly Pro Ser Asn 35 40 45 Lys Lys Lys Gly Arg Ser Lys Lys Ala His Val Leu Ala Ala Ser Val 50 55 60 Glu Gln Ala Thr Gln Asn Phe Leu Asp Lys Gly Asp Lys Ile Ala Lys 65 70 75 80 Asp Ser Gln Phe Leu Lys Glu Glu Leu Ile Ala Ala Val Glu Asp Val 85 90 95 Arg Lys Gln Gly Glu Gln Met Arg Ser Ala Ser Gly Glu Phe Ala Asp 100 105 110 Asp Pro Cys Ser Ser Val Lys Arg Gly Asn Met Val Arg Ala Ala Arg 115 120 125 Ala Leu Leu Ser Ala Val Thr Arg Leu Leu Ile Leu Ala Asp Met Ala 130 135 140 Asp Val Tyr Arg Leu Leu Val Gln Leu Lys Val Val Glu Glu Gly Ile 145 150 155 160 Leu Lys Leu Arg Asn Ala Gly Thr Glu Gln Asp Leu Gly Ile Gln Tyr 165 170 175 Lys Ala Leu Arg Ala Glu Val Asp Lys Leu Asn Val Met Thr Ala Lys 180 185 190 Arg Gln Gln Glu Leu Lys Asp Ile Gly His Arg Asp Gln Met Ala Ala 195 200 205 Ala Arg Gly Ile Leu Gln Lys Ser Ile Pro Ile Leu Tyr Thr Ala Ser 210 215 220 Gln Ala Cys Leu Gln His Pro Asp Val Ala Ala Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg 225 230 235 240 Asp Leu Val Tyr Lys Gln Leu Gln Gln Ala Val Ser Gly Ile Ser Asn 245 250 255 Ala Ala Gln Ala Thr Ser Ser Glu Glu Ser Ala Gln Gln Gln Gly Gly 260 265 270 Gly Glu Leu Ala Val Ala Leu Asn Asn Phe Asp Lys Gln Ile Ile Val 275 280 285 Asp Pro Leu Gly Phe Ser Glu Glu Arg Phe Arg Pro Ser Leu Glu Glu 290 295 300 Arg Leu Glu Ser Ile Ile Ser Gly Ala Ala Leu Met Ala Asp Ser Ser 305 310 315 320 Cys Thr Arg Asp Asp Arg Arg Glu Arg Ile Val Ala Glu Cys Asn Ser 325 330 335 Val Arg Gln Ala Leu Gln Asp Leu Leu Ser Glu Tyr Met Gly Asn Thr 340 345 350 Gly Arg Lys Glu Arg Gly Asp Ala Leu Asn Ser Ala Ile Asp Lys Met 355 360 365 Thr Arg Lys Thr Arg Asp Leu Arg Arg Gln Leu Arg Lys Ala Val Met 370 375 380 Asp His Val Ser Asp Ser Phe Leu Glu Thr Asn Val Pro Leu Leu Val 385 390 395 400 Leu Ile Glu Ala Ala Lys Asn Gly Asn Glu Lys Glu Val Lys Glu Tyr 405 410 415 Ala Gln Val Phe Arg Glu His Ala Asn Lys Leu Ile Glu Val Ala Asn 420 425 430 Leu Ala Cys Ser Ile Ser Asn Asn Glu Glu Gly Val Lys Leu Val Arg 435 440 445 Ile Ser Ala Gly Gln Leu Glu Ser Leu Cys Pro Gln Val Ile Asn Ala 450 455 460 Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Lys Pro Asn Ser Lys Met Ala Gln Glu Asn 465 470 475 480 Met Asp Leu Tyr Lys Glu Gln Trp Glu Arg Gln Val Arg Val Leu Thr 485 490 495 Asp Ala Val Asp Asp Ile Thr Ser Ile Asp Asp Phe Leu Ala Val Ser 500 505 510 Glu Asn His Ile Leu Glu Asp Val Asn Lys Cys Val Ile Ala Leu Gln 515 520 525 Glu Arg Asp Val Asp Gly Leu Asp Arg Thr Ala Gly Ala Ile Arg Gly 530 535 540 Arg Ala Ala Arg Val Ile His Val Val Thr Ser Glu Met Asp Asn Tyr 545 550 555 560 Glu Pro Gly Ile Tyr Thr Glu Lys Val Leu Glu Ala Thr Lys Leu Leu 565 570 575 Thr Asn Thr Val Met Pro Arg Phe Thr Glu Gln Val Glu Ala Ala Val 580 585 590 Glu Ala Leu Ser Gly Asp Thr Asn Gln Thr Met Asp Glu Asn Glu Phe 595 600 605 Ile Asp Ala Ser Arg Leu Val Tyr Asp Gly Val Arg Asp Ile Arg Lys 610 615 620 Ala Val Leu Met Ile Arg Thr Pro Glu Glu Leu Asp Asp Ser Asp Phe 625 630 635 640 Glu Thr Glu Asp Phe Asp Val Arg Ser Arg Thr Ser Val Gln Thr Glu 645 650 655 Asp Asp Gln Leu Ile Ala Gly Gln Ser Ala Arg Ala Ile Met Ala Gln 660 665 670 Leu Pro Gln Glu Gln Lys Ala Lys Ile Ala Glu Gln Val Ala Ser Phe 675 680 685 Gln Glu Glu Lys Ser Lys Leu Asp Ala Glu Val Ser Lys Trp Asp Asp 690 695 700 Asn Gly Asn Asp Leu Ile Val Leu Ala Lys Gln Met Cys Met Ile Met 705 710 715 720 Met Glu Met Thr Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Lys Gly Pro Leu Lys Asn Thr 725 730 735 Ser Asp Val Ile Ser Ala Ala Lys Lys Ile Ala Glu Ala Gly Ser Arg 740 745 750 Met Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg Thr Ile Ala Asp His Cys Pro Asp Ser Thr 755 760 765 Cys Lys Gln Asp Leu Leu Ala Tyr Leu Gln Arg Ile Ala Leu Tyr Cys 770 775 780 His Gln Leu Asn Ile Cys Ser Lys Val Lys Ala Glu Val Gln Asn Leu 785 790 795 800 Gly Gly Glu Leu Val Val Ser Gly Val Asp Ser Ala Met Ser Leu Ile 805 810 815 Gln Ala Ala Lys Asn Leu Met Asn Ala Val Val Gln Thr Val Lys Ala 820 825 830 Ser Tyr Val Ala Ser Thr Lys Tyr Gln Lys Ser Gln Gly Met Ala Ser 835 840 845 Leu Asn Leu Pro Ala Val Ser Trp Lys Met Lys Ala Pro Glu Lys Lys 850 855 860 Pro Leu Val Lys Arg Glu Lys Gln Asp Glu Thr Gln Thr Lys Ile Lys 865 870 875 880 Arg Ala Ser Gln Lys Lys His Val Asn Pro Val Gln Ala Leu Ser Glu 885 890 895 Phe Lys Ala Met Glu Ser Ile 900 57 2718 DNA Mus musculus 57 atgacttcgg caacttcacc tattatttta aaatgggatc ccaaaagttt ggaaatccgg 60 acactcacag tggaaagact attggagcca cttgtgacac aggtgacaac acttgtcaac 120 acaagcaaca aaggtccgtc tggtaaaaag aaagggaggt caaagaaagc ccatgtgctg 180 gcagcatctg tagaacaagc tactcagaac ttcctggaaa agggtgaaca gatcgctaag 240 gagagccaag acctcaaaga agagttagtg gctgctgtag aggatgtgcg gaagcaaggt 300 gagacaaagc ggattgcctc ctcagagttt gcagatgacc cttgctcttc tgtcaagcgt 360 ggcaccatgg tgcgtgcagc acgggctctg ctatcggctg tgacacgctt gctcatcctg 420 gccgacatgg cagatgtcat gaggctttta tcgcatctga aaattgtcga ggaggccttg 480 gaagcagtca aaaatgccac aaatgaacaa gaccttgcaa accgatttaa agagtttggg 540 aaagagatgg tgaaactgaa ctatgtagca gcaagacggc agcaggagct caaggaccct 600 cactgtaggg atgagatggc tgcagcccgt ggagccctga agaagaatgc caccatgctg 660 tacacagcct cccaagcctt cctccggcat ccagatgttg ctgctacaag agccaaccga 720 gattatgtat ttaaacaagt ccaagaggcc atagctggca tctccagtgc tgctcaggcc 780 acctccccca ccgatgaagc caaaggccac acaggcatcg gcgagctggc tgcagccctg 840 aatgagtttg ataataagat catcctggac cccatgacat tcagcgaggc caggttccga 900 ccatccctgg aggagagact ggagagcatc atcagtgggg ctgctctcat ggcagattcc 960 tcctgcacac gtgatgaccg ccgtgagcgt atggtggccg agtgcaatgc agttcgacag 1020 gcactccagg acctgctaag cgaggacatg aataacactg gaaggaaaga gaaaggagac 1080 cctctcaaca ttgcgattga caagatgacc aagaaaacaa gagatctgag gagacagctt 1140 cggaaagctg tgatggatca catctcagat tctttcttgg aaaccaatgt ccccttgctg 1200 gttctcattg aggctgcgaa gagcgggaat gagaaggagg tgaaggaata cgcccaagtt 1260 ttccgtgaac atgccaacaa gctggtggag gttgccaatt tggcttgttc catctccaac 1320 aatgaggaag gggtgaaatt agtcagaatg gcagccaccc agattgacag cctgtgtccc 1380 caagtcatta atgctgccct cacactggct gctcggccac agagtaaagt tgctcaggac 1440 aacatggatg tcttcaaaga ccagtgggaa aagcaagtcc gtgtgctcac tgaggcagtg 1500 gatgacatca cctctgtgga tgacttcctc tctgtctcag aaaaccatat cttggaggat 1560 gtgaacaaat gtgtgattgc cctgcaagag ggagatgtgg acacactgga tcgcacagct 1620 ggggccatac ggggccgggc agcccgggtc attcacatca tcaatgcaga gatggagaac 1680 tatgaagctg gggtctatac agagaaagtg ctggaagcca caaaattgct ttcagaaaca 1740 gtgatgccac gctttgctga acaagttgag gtggccatcg aagccctgag cgccaatgtc 1800 cctcagccat tcgaggagaa cgagttcatc gatgcctcgc gcctggtgta ttacggtgtt 1860 cgggacatca gaaaggctgt gctgatgatc aggactccag aagagctaga agatgattcc 1920 gactttgagc aagaggatta tgatgtccgc agtcggacaa gtgtccagac agaggaccga 1980 cagctcattg ctggacagag tgcacgggcc atcatggcgc aactaccaca ggaggagaaa 2040 gcaaaaatag ctgaacaggt ggagattttc caccaagaaa aaagcaagct ggatgctgaa 2100 gtggccaagt gggatgacag cggcaatgac atcattgtgc tggccaagca gatgtgtatg 2160 atcatgatgg agatgacaga cttcacaaga ggcaaaggcc cactgaaaaa tacatctgat 2220 gtcattaatg ctgccaagaa gattgcagaa gcaggctctc gaatggacaa attagcgcgc 2280 gctgtggctg atcagtgtcc tgattcagca tgtaagcagg atttattagc ctaccttcag 2340 cggattgctt tgtactgcca tcagcttaac atctgcagca aagtgaaggc cgaggttcag 2400 aacctaggag gagagctcat tgtgtcaggg ctggacagtt ctacatcact catccaggca 2460 gccaaaaacc tgatgaatgc tgttgtcctc acggtgaaag cgtcttatgt agcctcaact 2520 aaataccaga aggtctatgg aacagcagct gtcaactctc cagttgtgtc ttggaagatg 2580 aaggctcctg aaaagaagcc ccttgtgaag agagaaaagc ctgaagaatt ccagacaaga 2640 gttagacggg ggtctcaaaa gaaacacatt tcacctgtgc aggctttaag cgaattcaag 2700 gcaatggatt ccttctag 2718 58 905 PRT Mus musculus 58 Met Thr Ser Ala Thr Ser Pro Ile Ile Leu Lys Trp Asp Pro Lys Ser 1 5 10 15 Leu Glu Ile Arg Thr Leu Thr Val Glu Arg Leu Leu Glu Pro Leu Val 20 25 30 Thr Gln Val Thr Thr Leu Val Asn Thr Ser Asn Lys Gly Pro Ser Gly 35 40 45 Lys Lys Lys Gly Arg Ser Lys Lys Ala His Val Leu Ala Ala Ser Val 50 55 60 Glu Gln Ala Thr Gln Asn Phe Leu Glu Lys Gly Glu Gln Ile Ala Lys 65 70 75 80 Glu Ser Gln Asp Leu Lys Glu Glu Leu Val Ala Ala Val Glu Asp Val 85 90 95 Arg Lys Gln Gly Glu Thr Lys Arg Ile Ala Ser Ser Glu Phe Ala Asp 100 105 110 Asp Pro Cys Ser Ser Val Lys Arg Gly Thr Met Val Arg Ala Ala Arg 115 120 125 Ala Leu Leu Ser Ala Val Thr Arg Leu Leu Ile Leu Ala Asp Met Ala 130 135 140 Asp Val Met Arg Leu Leu Ser His Leu Lys Ile Val Glu Glu Ala Leu 145 150 155 160 Glu Ala Val Lys Asn Ala Thr Asn Glu Gln Asp Leu Ala Asn Arg Phe 165 170 175 Lys Glu Phe Gly Lys Glu Met Val Lys Leu Asn Tyr Val Ala Ala Arg 180 185 190 Arg Gln Gln Glu Leu Lys Asp Pro His Cys Arg Asp Glu Met Ala Ala 195 200 205 Ala Arg Gly Ala Leu Lys Lys Asn Ala Thr Met Leu Tyr Thr Ala Ser 210 215 220 Gln Ala Phe Leu Arg His Pro Asp Val Ala Ala Thr Arg Ala Asn Arg 225 230 235 240 Asp Tyr Val Phe Lys Gln Val Gln Glu Ala Ile Ala Gly Ile Ser Ser 245 250 255 Ala Ala Gln Ala Thr Ser Pro Thr Asp Glu Ala Lys Gly His Thr Gly 260 265 270 Ile Gly Glu Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Asn Glu Phe Asp Asn Lys Ile Ile 275 280 285 Leu Asp Pro Met Thr Phe Ser Glu Ala Arg Phe Arg Pro Ser Leu Glu 290 295 300 Glu Arg Leu Glu Ser Ile Ile Ser Gly Ala Ala Leu Met Ala Asp Ser 305 310 315 320 Ser Cys Thr Arg Asp Asp Arg Arg Glu Arg Met Val Ala Glu Cys Asn 325 330 335 Ala Val Arg Gln Ala Leu Gln Asp Leu Leu Ser Glu Asp Met Asn Asn 340 345 350 Thr Gly Arg Lys Glu Lys Gly Asp Pro Leu Asn Ile Ala Ile Asp Lys 355 360 365 Met Thr Lys Lys Thr Arg Asp Leu Arg Arg Gln Leu Arg Lys Ala Val 370 375 380 Met Asp His Ile Ser Asp Ser Phe Leu Glu Thr Asn Val Pro Leu Leu 385 390 395 400 Val Leu Ile Glu Ala Ala Lys Ser Gly Asn Glu Lys Glu Val Lys Glu 405 410 415 Tyr Ala Gln Val Phe Arg Glu His Ala Asn Lys Leu Val Glu Val Ala 420 425 430 Asn Leu Ala Cys Ser Ile Ser Asn Asn Glu Glu Gly Val Lys Leu Val 435 440 445 Arg Met Ala Ala Thr Gln Ile Asp Ser Leu Cys Pro Gln Val Ile Asn 450 455 460 Ala Ala Leu Thr Leu Ala Ala Arg Pro Gln Ser Lys Val Ala Gln Asp 465 470 475 480 Asn Met Asp Val Phe Lys Asp Gln Trp Glu Lys Gln Val Arg Val Leu 485 490 495 Thr Glu Ala Val Asp Asp Ile Thr Ser Val Asp Asp Phe Leu Ser Val 500 505 510 Ser Glu Asn His Ile Leu Glu Asp Val Asn Lys Cys Val Ile Ala Leu 515 520 525 Gln Glu Gly Asp Val Asp Thr Leu Asp Arg Thr Ala Gly Ala Ile Arg 530 535 540 Gly Arg Ala Ala Arg Val Ile His Ile Ile Asn Ala Glu Met Glu Asn 545 550 555 560 Tyr Glu Ala Gly Val Tyr Thr Glu Lys Val Leu Glu Ala Thr Lys Leu 565 570 575 Leu Ser Glu Thr Val Met Pro Arg Phe Ala Glu Gln Val Glu Val Ala 580 585 590 Ile Glu Ala Leu Ser Ala Asn Val Pro Gln Pro Phe Glu Glu Asn Glu 595 600 605 Phe Ile Asp Ala Ser Arg Leu Val Tyr Tyr Gly Val Arg Asp Ile Arg 610 615 620 Lys Ala Val Leu Met Ile Arg Thr Pro Glu Glu Leu Glu Asp Asp Ser 625 630 635 640 Asp Phe Glu Gln Glu Asp Tyr Asp Val Arg Ser Arg Thr Ser Val Gln 645 650 655 Thr Glu Asp Arg Gln Leu Ile Ala Gly Gln Ser Ala Arg Ala Ile Met 660 665 670 Ala Gln Leu Pro Gln Glu Glu Lys Ala Lys Ile Ala Glu Gln Val Glu 675 680 685 Ile Phe His Gln Glu Lys Ser Lys Leu Asp Ala Glu Val Ala Lys Trp 690 695 700 Asp Asp Ser Gly Asn Asp Ile Ile Val Leu Ala Lys Gln Met Cys Met 705 710 715 720 Ile Met Met Glu Met Thr Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Lys Gly Pro Leu Lys 725 730 735 Asn Thr Ser Asp Val Ile Asn Ala Ala Lys Lys Ile Ala Glu Ala Gly 740 745 750 Ser Arg Met Asp Lys Leu Ala Arg Ala Val Ala Asp Gln Cys Pro Asp 755 760 765 Ser Ala Cys Lys Gln Asp Leu Leu Ala Tyr Leu Gln Arg Ile Ala Leu 770 775 780 Tyr Cys His Gln Leu Asn Ile Cys Ser Lys Val Lys Ala Glu Val Gln 785 790 795 800 Asn Leu Gly Gly Glu Leu Ile Val Ser Gly Leu Asp Ser Ser Thr Ser 805 810 815 Leu Ile Gln Ala Ala Lys Asn Leu Met Asn Ala Val Val Leu Thr Val 820 825 830 Lys Ala Ser Tyr Val Ala Ser Thr Lys Tyr Gln Lys Val Tyr Gly Thr 835 840 845 Ala Ala Val Asn Ser Pro Val Val Ser Trp Lys Met Lys Ala Pro Glu 850 855 860 Lys Lys Pro Leu Val Lys Arg Glu Lys Pro Glu Glu Phe Gln Thr Arg 865 870 875 880 Val Arg Arg Gly Ser Gln Lys Lys His Ile Ser Pro Val Gln Ala Leu 885 890 895 Ser Glu Phe Lys Ala Met Asp Ser Phe 900 905 59 2808 DNA Drosophila melanogaster 59 atgctgcagc cagctctccc gctccactgt atatatccgt cggttaaaga atttatgtta 60 aaacctgata aaatgggcac gttaaccgat ttcggacaga tagctttgaa atgggatccc 120 aaaaatttgg aaattcgcac aatgtcagtt gaaaaaacac ttgaacccct tgtattacaa 180 gtaactactc ttgtaaatac caagggccca agcaaaaaga aaaaaggaaa atcaaagcgg 240 gccagcgcat tagttgcagc tgttgaaaaa gctacagaaa attttattca aaaaggtgaa 300 cagatcgctt acgagaaccc agacattaca caagaaatgt taacagctgt ggatgaagta 360 aaaaaaactg gagatgctat gagcattgca gccagagaat tttctgaaga tccgtgcagt 420 tccctgaaga gaggaaatat ggtgcgcgca gctaggaatc tgttgtcagc tgtaacccgc 480 ttgctgattt tagctgatat ggttgatgta catttgctct taaaatcact ccacattgtc 540 gaagatgatc taaacaaact caaaaacgct tcgagtcagg acgagcttat ggataatatg 600 aggcaattcg gacgcaatgc aggagaactt ataaaacagg cagccaaacg tcagcaagaa 660 cttaaggatc cccaattaag ggacgattta gcagctgctc gggcgatgct taaaaaacat 720 tcaactatgc tgttaactgc atcaaaagta tacgttcgtc atccggaact agatctagca 780 aaagtaaatc gcgatttcat tctaaaacaa gtttgcgatg ctgtaaatac tattagcgat 840 gttgcccaag gaaagtcatc ccaaccgaca gatatataca gtggagcggg agagctggct 900 gcagcattag acgactttga cgaaggaatt gttatggatc ccatgaccta cagcgaaaag 960 cgttcacgtc aattgctcga agagcgtctg gaaagtatta ttagtgcagc tgcattgatg 1020 gcggatgcag attgtactcg agacgagaga cgagagagaa ttgtggccga atgcaatgct 1080 gtgcgacagg ctttacagga tttgttatct gaatatatgt caaacatgag tcaaaaagat 1140 aacagcccag gactctctcg agcgattgat caaatgtgtc gaaagactcg cgacctaaga 1200 aggcaattgc gaaaggctgt tgtggatcat gtttcggact cttttttgga gactacaact 1260 cctttgctag atttaattga agctgcaaaa tcgggtaatg aaaaaaaagt tcgggaaaag 1320 tccgaaatat tcaccaagca cgctgaaaaa ctagttgaag tagcaaattt agtatgtagc 1380 atgtcaaaca atgaagatgg tgttaaaatg gttcgatatg ctgctgctca aattgaaagt 1440 ctttgtccgc aagtaataaa tgcagcatcg atattgactg ttagaccgaa ttcaaaagta 1500 gctcaagaaa atatgactac ttatcgacaa gcctgggagg tgcaagttcg tattttaacc 1560 gaggcagtgg atgatattac aacaattgac gactttttag cagtatctga gaatcacatt 1620 cttgaagatg taaacaaatg tgtaatggct ttacaagttg gtgatgccag ggatttgcgt 1680 gcaactgctg gtgctattca aggtcgatca tcacgagttt gtaatgttgt tgaagctgaa 1740 atggataatt atgaaccatg tatttacacc aaacgagtct tagaagcagt caaagttcta 1800 cgagatcaag ttatgatgaa atttgaccaa cgtgtaggag cagccgttgg agccctttca 1860 aataactcca ataaggatgt tgacgaaaat gacttcattg atgcttctcg tttggtttac 1920 gacggagttc gtgaaattcg aagagctgtt ttaatgaatc gaagctcgga agaccttgat 1980 acagatactg aatttgagcc agttgaagac ttaaccttgg aaactcgaag tcgatcaagt 2040 gctcataccg gcgatcaaac cgttgacgaa tatcccgata taagtggcat atgtacagct 2100 cgagaagcaa tgcgaaaaat gacggaagaa gacaaacaaa aaattgctca gcaagtggag 2160 ttattccgta gggaaaaact aacttttgat tcagaagttg ctaaatggga tgacactgga 2220 aatgacatta tttttctggc caaacatatg tgcatgatta tgatggaaat gacggatttt 2280 accagaggac gaggaccttt aaaaactact atggatgtta ttaacgcagc taaaaaaatt 2340 tcggaagctg gtacaaagct ggataaacta accagggaaa tagcagagca atgcccagaa 2400 agcagcacga aaaaggacct tttagcgtat ttgcaacgca ttgccctgta ttgtcatcaa 2460 atccaaataa cttcaaaagt aaaagcagac gttcaaaata taagcggcga acttatagtt 2520 tctgggctgg acagcgctac atcgttaatt caagctgcta aaaatttaat gaatgccgtt 2580 gtattaacgg taaagtactc atatgtggca tcaacaaaat ataccaggca aggaacagtg 2640 tcttctccaa ttgttgtatg gaagatgaaa gcaccagaaa aaaaaccatt ggtcaggcct 2700 gaaaaaccag aagaagtgcg ggccaaagtt cgcaagggat ctcaaaaaaa ggttcaaaac 2760 cctatacatg cattatctga attccagagt cctgctgacg ctgtttaa 2808 60 935 PRT Drosophila melanogaster 60 Met Leu Gln Pro Ala Leu Pro Leu His Cys Ile Tyr Pro Ser Val Lys 1 5 10 15 Glu Phe Met Leu Lys Pro Asp Lys Met Gly Thr Leu Thr Asp Phe Gly 20 25 30 Gln Ile Ala Leu Lys Trp Asp Pro Lys Asn Leu Glu Ile Arg Thr Met 35 40 45 Ser Val Glu Lys Thr Leu Glu Pro Leu Val Leu Gln Val Thr Thr Leu 50 55 60 Val Asn Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Lys Lys Lys Lys Gly Lys Ser Lys Arg 65 70 75 80 Ala Ser Ala Leu Val Ala Ala Val Glu Lys Ala Thr Glu Asn Phe Ile 85 90 95 Gln Lys Gly Glu Gln Ile Ala Tyr Glu Asn Pro Asp Ile Thr Gln Glu 100 105 110 Met Leu Thr Ala Val Asp Glu Val Lys Lys Thr Gly Asp Ala Met Ser 115 120 125 Ile Ala Ala Arg Glu Phe Ser Glu Asp Pro Cys Ser Ser Leu Lys Arg 130 135 140 Gly Asn Met Val Arg Ala Ala Arg Asn Leu Leu Ser Ala Val Thr Arg 145 150 155 160 Leu Leu Ile Leu Ala Asp Met Val Asp Val His Leu Leu Leu Lys Ser 165 170 175 Leu His Ile Val Glu Asp Asp Leu Asn Lys Leu Lys Asn Ala Ser Ser 180 185 190 Gln Asp Glu Leu Met Asp Asn Met Arg Gln Phe Gly Arg Asn Ala Gly 195 200 205 Glu Leu Ile Lys Gln Ala Ala Lys Arg Gln Gln Glu Leu Lys Asp Pro 210 215 220 Gln Leu Arg Asp Asp Leu Ala Ala Ala Arg Ala Met Leu Lys Lys His 225 230 235 240 Ser Thr Met Leu Leu Thr Ala Ser Lys Val Tyr Val Arg His Pro Glu 245 250 255 Leu Asp Leu Ala Lys Val Asn Arg Asp Phe Ile Leu Lys Gln Val Cys 260 265 270 Asp Ala Val Asn Thr Ile Ser Asp Val Ala Gln Gly Lys Ser Ser Gln 275 280 285 Pro Thr Asp Ile Tyr Ser Gly Ala Gly Glu Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Asp 290 295 300 Asp Phe Asp Glu Gly Ile Val Met Asp Pro Met Thr Tyr Ser Glu Lys 305 310 315 320 Arg Ser Arg Gln Leu Leu Glu Glu Arg Leu Glu Ser Ile Ile Ser Ala 325 330 335 Ala Ala Leu Met Ala Asp Ala Asp Cys Thr Arg Asp Glu Arg Arg Glu 340 345 350 Arg Ile Val Ala Glu Cys Asn Ala Val Arg Gln Ala Leu Gln Asp Leu 355 360 365 Leu Ser Glu Tyr Met Ser Asn Met Ser Gln Lys Asp Asn Ser Pro Gly 370 375 380 Leu Ser Arg Ala Ile Asp Gln Met Cys Arg Lys Thr Arg Asp Leu Arg 385 390 395 400 Arg Gln Leu Arg Lys Ala Val Val Asp His Val Ser Asp Ser Phe Leu 405 410 415 Glu Thr Thr Thr Pro Leu Leu Asp Leu Ile Glu Ala Ala Lys Ser Gly 420 425 430 Asn Glu Lys Lys Val Arg Glu Lys Ser Glu Ile Phe Thr Lys His Ala 435 440 445 Glu Lys Leu Val Glu Val Ala Asn Leu Val Cys Ser Met Ser Asn Asn 450 455 460 Glu Asp Gly Val Lys Met Val Arg Tyr Ala Ala Ala Gln Ile Glu Ser 465 470 475 480 Leu Cys Pro Gln Val Ile Asn Ala Ala Ser Ile Leu Thr Val Arg Pro 485 490 495 Asn Ser Lys Val Ala Gln Glu Asn Met Thr Thr Tyr Arg Gln Ala Trp 500 505 510 Glu Val Gln Val Arg Ile Leu Thr Glu Ala Val Asp Asp Ile Thr Thr 515 520 525 Ile Asp Asp Phe Leu Ala Val Ser Glu Asn His Ile Leu Glu Asp Val 530 535 540 Asn Lys Cys Val Met Ala Leu Gln Val Gly Asp Ala Arg Asp Leu Arg 545 550 555 560 Ala Thr Ala Gly Ala Ile Gln Gly Arg Ser Ser Arg Val Cys Asn Val 565 570 575 Val Glu Ala Glu Met Asp Asn Tyr Glu Pro Cys Ile Tyr Thr Lys Arg 580 585 590 Val Leu Glu Ala Val Lys Val Leu Arg Asp Gln Val Met Met Lys Phe 595 600 605 Asp Gln Arg Val Gly Ala Ala Val Gly Ala Leu Ser Asn Asn Ser Asn 610 615 620 Lys Asp Val Asp Glu Asn Asp Phe Ile Asp Ala Ser Arg Leu Val Tyr 625 630 635 640 Asp Gly Val Arg Glu Ile Arg Arg Ala Val Leu Met Asn Arg Ser Ser 645 650 655 Glu Asp Leu Asp Thr Asp Thr Glu Phe Glu Pro Val Glu Asp Leu Thr 660 665 670 Leu Glu Thr Arg Ser Arg Ser Ser Ala His Thr Gly Asp Gln Thr Val 675 680 685 Asp Glu Tyr Pro Asp Ile Ser Gly Ile Cys Thr Ala Arg Glu Ala Met 690 695 700 Arg Lys Met Thr Glu Glu Asp Lys Gln Lys Ile Ala Gln Gln Val Glu 705 710 715 720 Leu Phe Arg Arg Glu Lys Leu Thr Phe Asp Ser Glu Val Ala Lys Trp 725 730 735 Asp Asp Thr Gly Asn Asp Ile Ile Phe Leu Ala Lys His Met Cys Met 740 745 750 Ile Met Met Glu Met Thr Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Arg Gly Pro Leu Lys 755 760 765 Thr Thr Met Asp Val Ile Asn Ala Ala Lys Lys Ile Ser Glu Ala Gly 770 775 780 Thr Lys Leu Asp Lys Leu Thr Arg Glu Ile Ala Glu Gln Cys Pro Glu 785 790 795 800 Ser Ser Thr Lys Lys Asp Leu Leu Ala Tyr Leu Gln Arg Ile Ala Leu 805 810 815 Tyr Cys His Gln Ile Gln Ile Thr Ser Lys Val Lys Ala Asp Val Gln 820 825 830 Asn Ile Ser Gly Glu Leu Ile Val Ser Gly Leu Asp Ser Ala Thr Ser 835 840 845 Leu Ile Gln Ala Ala Lys Asn Leu Met Asn Ala Val Val Leu Thr Val 850 855 860 Lys Tyr Ser Tyr Val Ala Ser Thr Lys Tyr Thr Arg Gln Gly Thr Val 865 870 875 880 Ser Ser Pro Ile Val Val Trp Lys Met Lys Ala Pro Glu Lys Lys Pro 885 890 895 Leu Val Arg Pro Glu Lys Pro Glu Glu Val Arg Ala Lys Val Arg Lys 900 905 910 Gly Ser Gln Lys Lys Val Gln Asn Pro Ile His Ala Leu Ser Glu Phe 915 920 925 Gln Ser Pro Ala Asp Ala Val 930 935 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cancer associated with abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable gene therapy vehicle harboring a polynucleotide that comprises: (a) a first nucleotide sequence encoding a soluble cytoplasmic portion of a cadherin, said soluble cytoplasmic portion of said cadherin lacking a transmembrane portion and an extracellular portion of said cadherin and including a β-catenin binding domain; and (b) a second nucleotide sequence being positioned upstream of said first nucleotide sequence and containing a promoter for directing expression of said soluble cytoplasmic portion of said cadherin in a mammalian cell; said acceptable gene therapy vehicle being therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said cadherin is selected from the group consisting of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, P-cadherin and VE-cadherin.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said first nucleotide sequence is derived from SEQ ID NOs. 1, 4, 45, 47, 49 or
 51. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said first nucleotide sequence encodes, at most, about 70 amino acids of a cadherin.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said cadherin is from a species selected from the group consisting of human, chicken, xenopus, mouse, canine and drosophila.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said cadherin is human.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein said cytoplasmic portion of said cadherin is signal peptide-free.
 8. A pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cancer associated with abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable gene therapy vehicle harboring a polynucleotide that comprises: (a) a first nucleotide sequence encoding an o-catenin; and (b) a second nucleotide sequence being positioned upstream of said first nucleotide sequence and containing a promoter for directing expression of said o-catenin in a mammalian cell; said acceptable gene therapy vehicle being therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein said o-catenin is from human.
 10. A method of treating cancer associated with abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin comprising administering to a subject in need a pharmaceutically acceptable gene therapy vehicle harboring a polynucleotide that comprises: (a) a first nucleotide sequence encoding a soluble cytoplasmic portion of a cadherin, said soluble cytoplasmic portion of said cadherin lacking a transmembrane portion and an extracellular portion of said cadherin and including a β-catenin binding domain; and (b) a second nucleotide sequence being positioned upstream of said first nucleotide sequence and containing a promoter for directing expression of said soluble cytoplasmic portion of said cadherin in a mammalian cell; said acceptable gene therapy vehicle being therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said cadherin is selected from the group consisting of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, P-cadherin and VE-cadherin.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said first nucleotide sequence is derived from SEQ ID NOs. 1, 4, 45, 47, 49 or
 51. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said first nucleotide sequence encodes, at most, about 70 amino acids of a cadherin.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein said cadherin is from a species selected from the group consisting of human, chicken, xenopus, mouse, canine and drosophila.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein said cadherin is human.
 16. The method of claim 10, wherein said cytoplasmic portion of said cadherin is signal peptide-free.
 17. A method of treating cancer associated with abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin comprising administering to a subject in need a pharmaceutically acceptable gene therapy vehicle harboring a polynucleotide that comprises: (a) a first nucleotide sequence encoding an o-catenin; and (b) a second nucleotide sequence being positioned upstream of said first nucleotide sequence and containing a promoter for directing expression of said c-catenin in a mammalian cell; said acceptable gene therapy vehicle being therapeutically effective in reducing the abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said o-catenin is from human.
 19. A method reducing abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin is mammalian cells comprising infecting or transforming the cells with a vehicle harboring a polynucleotide that comprises: (a) a first nucleotide sequence encoding a soluble cytoplasmic portion of a cadherin, said soluble cytoplasmic portion of said cadherin lacking a transmembrane portion and an extracellular portion of said cadherin and including a β-catenin binding domain; and (b) a second nucleotide sequence being positioned upstream of said first nucleotide sequence and containing a promoter for directing expression of said soluble cytoplasmic portion of said cadherin in a mammalian cell; said vehicle being effective in reducing the abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin in the cells.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said cadherin is selected from the group consisting of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, P-cadherin and VE-cadherin.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein said first nucleotide sequence is derived from SEQ ID NOs. 1, 4, 45, 47, 49 or
 51. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein said first nucleotide sequence encodes, at most, about 70 amino acids of a cadherin.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein said cadherin is from a species selected from the group consisting of human, chicken, xenopus, mouse, canine and drosophila.
 24. The method of claim 19, wherein said cadherin is human.
 25. The method of claim 19, wherein said cytoplasmic portion of said cadherin is signal peptide-free.
 26. A method reducing abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin is mammalian cells comprising infecting or transforming the cells with a vehicle harboring a polynucleotide that comprises: (a) a first nucleotide sequence encoding an o-catenin; and (b) a second nucleotide sequence being positioned upstream of said first nucleotide sequence and containing a promoter for directing expression of said o-catenin in a mammalian cell; said vehicle being effective in reducing the abnormally high activity levels of β-catenin in the cells.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein said o-catenin is from human. 